Considerable resources have been spent on estimating the size of populations of people who use drugs (PWUD) and people who inject drugs (PWID) in Africa. Precise estimates are elusive, not least because of stigma and criminalization faced by these populations. Bio-behavioral surveys focused on...

The European Drug Report 2025: Trends and Developments presents the EUDA's latest analysis of the drug situation in Europe. Focusing on illicit drug use, related harms and drug supply, the report provides a comprehensive set of national data across these themes, as well as on specialist drug...

This study investigates whether publicly listed cannabis shares provide enough risk-adjusted returns to warrant their incorporation into diversified portfolios. An equally weighted portfolio of cannabis companies is constructed using monthly data from January 2015 to December 2024. Risk-adjusted...

This article analyses the impact of legalising cannabis production for industrial and pharmaceutical use in Morocco, paying particular attention to reducing illegal cultivation. Using an original dataset compiled from multiple sources and employing an advanced econometric approach based on the...

This page provides an overview of key issues related to the provision of harm reduction equipment for high-risk drug use, including service delivery, guidance and evidence, and considerations for implementation. It also considers implications for policy and practice.

This miniguide is one of a larger set, which together comprise Health and social responses to drug problems: a European guide. It provides an overview of the most important aspects to consider when planning or delivering health and social responses to cannabis-related problems, and reviews the...

Sharing used injection equipment is one of the main ways in which drug users run the risk of infection (e.g., with HIV, or hepatitis B and C). This has led to the introduction of harm reduction (HR) strategies, such as needle exchange programmes (NEPs). Injection use is considered to be less...

Substance use has been identified as a notable phenomenon in reception settings in EU Member States and the Schengen associated countries. The EUAA is thus putting prevention in focus when working with applicants and particularly so with boy applicants who are the group identified as most at...

EU Drug Market: MDMA describes the European MDMA market from production to trafficking, distribution and use. It details the materials, processes and players involved at different stages and levels of the market. The module takes a threat assessment approach, identifying key issues and defining...

Efficient and interconnected logistics networks, like postal services, provide powerful tools for criminal groups to organize cross-border drug trafficking by exploiting legitimate infrastructure. Despite postal services becoming inadvertent facilitators in smuggling, focused research on this...

Patients in rural areas have higher rates of opioid use and overdose than those in urban areas that are linked to the greater prevalence and amounts of opioids prescribed. We merge individual claims data with county-level supply and demand factors to examine this relationship between...

Using a sample of Australians who display high rates of early school-leaving, we compare the trajectories of respondents who left school at each incremental age between 14 and 17 with respondents who left at 18 years old or more, in terms of homelessness, incarceration, substance use and mental...

Around 50 years ago, the Netherlands decriminalized cannabis for recreational use. This paper uses retrospective data on the ages at which individuals began and ceased cannabis use to reconstruct its prevalence in Amsterdam during the period surrounding the policy change. This approach enables a...

Using a sample of disadvantaged Australians, we compare trajectories of those who left school before 18 with those who left later, in terms of homelessness, incarceration, substance use and mental health issues. We estimate a staggered difference-in-difference to account for heterogenous...

Considerable resources have been spent on estimating the size of populations of people who use drugs (PWUD) and people who inject drugs (PWID) in Africa. Precise estimates are elusive, not least because of stigma and criminalization faced by these populations. Bio-behavioral surveys focused on...

African countries have been experiencing an upsurge in public health problems as a result of the increased availability and use of psychoactive substances trafficked into the continent and also produced locally. However, mounting effective policy and programme interventions have been impeded by...

This is a review of the 2023 IASOC Prize Winner Trying to Make It: The Enterprises, Gangs, and People of the American Drug Trade. By R.V. Gundur. Gundur offers a masterful account of the inner workings of the illicit drugs trade from the Mexico-US Border into the USA. His ethnography examines...

The European Drug Report 2024: Trends and Developments presents the EMCDDA's latest analysis of the drug situation in Europe. Focusing on illicit drug use, related harms and drug supply, the report provides a comprehensive set of national data across these themes, as well as on specialist drug...

This page provides an overview of key issues related to drug consumption rooms, including service delivery, guidance and existing evidence and latest developments in Europe. It also considers implications for policy and practice.

EU Drug Market: Heroin and other opioids describes the European opioids market from production and trafficking to distribution and use. It details the processes, materials and players involved at various stages and levels of the market. The module takes a threat assessment approach, identifying...

The role of friends in the US opioid epidemic is examined. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health (Add Health), adults aged 25-34 and their high school best friends are focused on. An instrumental variable technique is employed to estimate peer effects in opioid...