The surveillance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial susceptibility in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) is essential for detecting emerging and increasing antimicrobial resistance. Since 2009, this surveillance has been co-ordinated by the European Centre for Disease...

This report provides an overview of the ways in which EU and EEA Member States regulate the immigration of third-country nationals who enter their territory for the purpose of work. Its focus is on short-term migrant workers and it presents the result of an extensive mapping exercise carried out...

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the political future of the European Economic Area (EEA). The paper starts by providing a brief overview of the EEA (Section 2). Next, it discusses the factors affecting the future of the EEA from the vantage-point of Norway (Section 3). The Norwegian...

There seem to be three broad variations to the EEA model: not joining the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and "continuing" as party to the EEA Agreement, joining EFTA and becoming party to the EEA Agreement as an EFTA member, and joining EFTA as an Associate Member and becoming an EFTA...

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) – the ability of microbes to resist antimicrobials – remains an alarming global health threat. This is despite the efforts made by OECD and EU/EEA countries to curtail it. Unless additional effective interventions are scaled up quickly, AMR rates are forecasted...

This working paper analyses the institutional challenges related to external differentiated integration in the European Economic Area (EEA). It focuses mainly on the formulation of EEA-relevant EU legislation and its incorporation into the EEA Agreement. The paper shows that over the past 25...

The Internet comprises thousands of independently operated networks, interconnected using bilaterally negotiated data exchange agreements. The European Union (EU)'s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) imposes strict restrictions on handling of personal data of European Economic Area (EEA)...

The Internet comprises thousands of independently operated networks, where bilaterally negotiated interconnection agreements determine the flow of data between networks. The European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) imposes strict restrictions on processing and sharing of...

UK withdrawal from the EU poses many challenges for Northern Ireland. The preferred option of Northern Ireland's First Minister and deputy First Minister is, in many respects, for the status quo to be maintained. An approach that could mitigate some of the impact of Brexit on Northern Ireland...

The growing economies and the increase in urbanization have increased the process of waste production. Recycling of the wastes resulting from economic processes through certain operations would both decrease the amount of wastes and the need for area to store them and minimize the demand for...

In 2016, the European Commission initiated an evaluation of the European Environment Agency (EEA) and its European Environment Information and Observation Network (EIONET) through the publication of an Evaluation Roadmap. This evaluation follows the Better Regulation Guidelines and thus includes...

The objective of this report is to compare and contrast anti-discrimination law in the 28 EU Member States, four EU candidate countries (namely the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey) and the EEA countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway), based on the 2017...

Until recently, the on-going legal discussions about ‘Brexit', the United Kingdom's upcoming withdrawal from the European Union (EU), have predominantly focused on the requirements and consequences of the withdrawal procedure set out in Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU). A...

This report provides comparative analysis of the implementation of EU non-discrimination law in the EU Member States, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Montenegro, Norway, Serbia and Turkey. It draws from the information contained in the 35 non-discrimination...

The objective of this report is to compare and contrast anti-discrimination law in the 28 EU Member States and EU candidate countries (namely the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey), as comprehensively described in the annually updated country reports written by...

Leniency in EU Competition Law' provides a comprehensive analysis of the leniency procedure in the European Union (EU) cartel enforcement. Applications for lenient treatment by whistleblowers are an essential feature of cartel enforcement. Leniency has emerged as one of the main enforcement...

This study focuses on the European Economic Area (EEA), which is a very ‘deep' instance of market integration between the European Union, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. The EEA in fact is just the ‘internal-market-minus', i.e. minus agriculture and fisheries, for its three non-EU...

For almost 20 years now, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) States Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway have been included in the EU's internal market through the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA). The continuing success of the EEA is threatened, however, by an ever widening gap...

This paper analyses the establishment and subsequent meetings of the McDonald’s European Works Council (EWC) established under Article 13. The paper focuses on the extent to which a non-union firm can frustrate the intent of the EWC directive and especially where this is based on a voluntary...