This paper is a product of the Development Policy Team, Development Economics. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the...

The study explores the relevance of eco-industrial clusters in promoting Ukraine's post-war reconstruction and sustainable development. To this aim, the paper carries out a comprehensive literature review of academic articles, reports, and case studies on eco-industrial clusters and sustainable...

Even before the war started, Ukrainian demographic prospects were almost uniquely negative, even in the context of CESEE. Ukrainian population declined steadily over last decade and the war has significantly worsened Ukraine's already negative demographic outlook, to the extent that a shortage...

This paper offers an analytical narrative based on an assurance game with two separate populations in an evolutionary setting. In our model, Donors and Recipients are two populations; let us call them Europe and Ukraine. The donor population has two types. A proportion of this population wants...

The Ukrainian state budget needs about $3.5 billion a month to keep afloat in 2023. The main donors must be the United States and the European Union. Three key tasks need to be combined: reconstruction, EU accession, and completion of systemic reforms. The collective West needs to set up a joint...

This article uses Aufbau Ost (or reconstruction of the East) of the new German states as a structural model to estimate the possible costs of an Aufbau Ost 2.0 of Ukraine while taking institutional differences into account. Based on three approaches, the model is validated for the new German...

This paper discusses the rebuilding of Ukrainian cities. We start by outlining key facts about Ukraine and its cities: (i) the country's population is declining; (ii) there is a shift in demand for housing from east to west; (iii) Kyiv's advantage is growing; (iv) house prices are rising in Kyiv...

Although it was initiated by the Allies as a kind of compromise in an Anglo-American dispute over banking policy in occupied Germany, and was thus an Allied creation, the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) was soon to be called "a characteristic German institution". This was because of the...

The paper deals with the role played by the Istituto Mobiliare Italiano, a public credit institution created in 1931 to finance industrial investment, as an instrument for the State intervention in the Italian economy, especially in the 25 years after the World War II. In particular, the IMI was...

Russia’s brutal war against Ukraine has disastrous consequences for the country. Although an end to the war is currently not in sight, it is already clear that a huge international effort will be required to support Ukraine’s reconstruction. At the Ukraine Recovery Conference in July, the...

"In 1945, Germany and Japan lay prostrate after total war and resounding defeat. By 1960, they had the second and fifth largest economies in the world respectively. This global leadership has been maintained ever since. How did these 'economic miracles' come to pass, and why were these two...

The Marshall Plan (1948-1952) was the largest aid transfer in history. This paper estimates its effects on Italy's postwar economic development. It exploits differences between Italian provinces in the value of reconstruction grants they received. Provinces that could modernize more their...