The European Union has set forth an objective to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels and external supply chains. Hydrogen technologies are regarded as a pivotal element in achieving a sustainable and resilient energy supply. Despite the prioritization of hydrogen-powered fuel cells in numerous...

Comprehensive information on energy-related topics, such as take-up of heat pumps, industrial natural gas consumption and prices, and battery connections to the electricity grid, is either not available in Europe in a timely manner, or not available at the level of granularity, reliability and...

This report provides a short summary of the work carried out by the START Technical Assistance1 for the Department for Cohesion Policies and the South of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers (Dipartimento per le Politiche di Coesione e per il Sud della Presidenza del Consiglio dei...

The EU must remove dependencies from its energy system to ensure energy security. It currently remains too reliant on imported fossil fuels which give external powers excessive control over its energy supply. A generation system powered by Europe's own natural resources would remove this...

The EU must remove dependencies from its energy system to ensure energy security. It currently remains too reliant on imported fossil fuels which give external powers excessive control over its energy supply. A generation system powered by Europe's own natural resources would remove this...

AURORA engages citizens in the energy transition through the creation of energy communities and citizen science hubs. The project brings together universities and a local council across Europe to demonstrate community-led renewable energy initiatives. Participants co-own renewable energy...

One of the cornerstones to reach a decarbonised energy system by 2050 is the inclusion of a set of flexibility solutions into the energy system to cover the need for flexibility on all timescales. Such flexibility services can come in different ways such as sector coupling, energy storage,...

The aim of this project is to identify the investment requirements for energy infrastructure across each TEN-E infrastructure category, as well as for non-TEN-E electricity transmission and distribution infrastructure, in order to enable a decarbonised economy in the EU. It also evaluates the...

This study analyzes how national diversity in energy policies influences key economic outcomes across European countries, with particular emphasis on the interdependencies between energy prices, climate regulations, and technological innovations. Addressing a gap in existing literature, the...

With the Green Deal and the energy crisis caused by Russia's war in Ukraine, the EU has accelerated the transition towards importing renew able energy, including green hydrogen, from North Africa. EU decision-makers portray the energy transition as a win-win situation, while civil society actors...

Aim: This article aims to analyze the impact of China's trade with 78 major trading partners on Actual-Open Emission of CO2 (EAO) from 2000 to 2020 in light of the European Union's (EU) goal to reduce CO2 emissions by 20% by 2020 compared to 1990 levels. Research Methods: The research is based...

The objective of this study is to provide insights into the development of the trans-European energy infrastructure in the transition period 2030-2050. In particular, the study focusses on the development of the electricity grid, dedicated hydrogen networks incl. repurposing existing natural gas...

The current survey was commissioned by the Directorate-General for Energy to canvas EU citizens' opinion about a range of issues relating to EU energy policy including: What a European energy policy means to citizens; In which areas the European Union has provided added value for Member States,...

The current survey was commissioned by the Directorate-General for Energy to canvas EU citizens' opinion about a range of issues relating to EU energy policy including: What a European energy policy means to citizens; In which areas the European Union has provided added value for Member States,...

This study explores the legal space for the creation of an EU Climate and Energy Union. As to the concept of an actual Climate and Energy Union, this study relies on the two main targets laid down in the European Climate Law, being a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 55% percent...

This study explores the legal space for the creation of an EU Climate and Energy Union. As to the concept of an actual Climate and Energy Union, this study relies on the two main targets laid down in the European Climate Law, being a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 55% percent...

To serve and protect its citizens from climate change, the EU and its Member States need to act decisively and quickly. This raises the question if EU law currently offers the legal space required for such effective action, for example by creating a true Climate and Energy Union. Where the...

To serve and protect its citizens from climate change, the EU and its Member States need to act decisively and quickly. This raises the question if EU law currently offers the legal space required for such effective action, for example by creating a true Climate and Energy Union. Where the...

Aim: This article aims to analyze the impact of China's trade with 78 major trading partners on Actual-Open Emission of CO2 (EAO) from 2000 to 2020 in light of the European Union's (EU) goal to reduce CO2 emissions by 20% by 2020 compared to 1990 levels. Research Methods: The research is based...

The article presents the energy policy of the European Union (EU) in light of its latest strategy, called the European Green Deal. The article is of particular importance to answer two main questions: What was the importance of two energy packages in the EU energy policy, i.e., the fourth and...

Meeting Europe's 2030 climate targets will require massive clean-electricity investment. To facilitate these investments, state-backed de-risking schemes such as contracts for difference (CfDs) are needed. Their role in supporting renewables has been consolidated by the European Union's recently...

The European Emissions Trading System is a cornerstone of the EU climate policy and its development is set until 2030. However, it is unclear what will happen afterwards. This policy brief compares three different scenarios: Rapid Decarbonization, 2050 Climate Neutral and a Break scenario. The...

This report explores key challenges and priorities in safeguarding Europe's critical energy infrastructure against both physical and cyber threats amid rising geopolitical tensions. It follows recent sabotage incidents and the extensive development of new offshore energy infrastructure planned...

The "Study on current energy sector investment instruments and schemes" in the Heating & Cooling (H&C) sector in the EU has been carried out as part of the Investors Dialogue on Energy - an initiative launched by the European Commission, DG ENER in 2022 as a multi-stakeholder platform bringing...

This study analyses the present and future of the European electricity and gas infrastructure, exploring production capacity scenarios and their impact on the electricity system (including the role of interconnections, transmission and distribution grids, prosumers, and storage). It also...

In order to meet the European Green Deal and REPowerEU objectives, the CESEC region needs to step up the efforts for renewable energy deployment, including renewable and low-carbon gases. In order to do so, an adequate network of infrastructure, alongside a fit-for-purpose regulatory framework,...

In this report, we focus on the fundamentals of energy and climate policy as reformulated in the EU Green Deal. The 2024 edition of this report includes updates following the adoption of the Fit for 55 Package, the REPowerEU Plan and the recent reforms of electricity and gas markets in Europe....

Member States will need to ramp up financing in order to meet the EU renewable energy production targets. Under the REPowerEU Plan the headline 2030 target for renewables at the EU level has increased from 40% to 45%1 to cut Europe's energy dependency on Russian gas well before 2030. Despite...

Energy storage is pivotal for the successful achievement of Fit for 55 and REPowerEU targets and objectives. A broader deployment of energy storage solutions will contribute to lowering electricity prices during peak times, increase share of renewables in the mix, reducing price fluctuations,...

Starting from the premise that an increase in the use of energy determines a corresponding economic growth, this article aims to determine if at the community level of the European Union there is a causality between energy consumption and economic performance. Thus, using the multiple regression...

Energy (and climate) will be high on the agenda of the next European Commission. EU citizens and industry expect a supply of energy that is affordable, secure, and sustainable. The National Energy and Climate Plans suggest that there is a widening gap between what Member States are willing to...

The original full study analyses the ongoing reform of the European electricity market. Specific design instruments proposed by the European Commission and supported by the European Parliament amendments are assessed in detail. A novel approach to modelling financial flows in electricity markets...