This paper compares the behaviour of banks with that of non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) in the intermediation of portfolio flows to emerging market economies (EMEs). Our analysis shows that investment funds, a key component of NBFIs, tend to reduce their exposure to EMEs more than banks...

The financial economics literature emphasizes the stress of financial intermediaries (FIs), measured by leverage and collateral constraints, as an important driver of asset prices and quantities. We identify a new and equally important channel through which FIs affect risk and the real sector:...

We provide empirical evidence of the causal effects of changes in financial intermediaries' net worth on the aggregate economy. Our strategy identifies financial shocks as high-frequency changes in the market value of intermediaries' net worth in a narrow window around their earnings...

This note examines the implications of digital innovation for market structure and attendant policies, including financial and competition regulation. There have been several surveys of regulatory responses. This note takes a step back, to look at what the economic theory of banking and...

We study the personal loan segment of the consumer credit market using individual loan-level data covering fintech, non-banking financial companies, and traditional banks as lenders. We show that fintech lenders dominate the small-ticket loan and provide stiff competition to non-banking...

Towards the end of 2020, the credit crunch is a term that is being discussed and has become a hot issue in the Indonesian financial sector. The credit crunch is due to credit decline during the pandemic, which indicates a credit crunch in Indonesia. The credit crunch is the reluctance of banks...

I develop a continuous-time game between a population of investors and an intermediary whose type is private information and whose portfolio allocation is neither observable nor contractible. I define and characterize a sequential equilibrium of the game and solve for a Markovian equilibrium...

We propose a new methodology to assess intermediaries’ substitutability in financial networks featuring higher-order structures (credit intermediation chains). We represent the financial network as a hyperstructure and each credit intermediation chain as a hyperedge. This approach allows us to...

We conduct a novel empirical analysis of the role of leverage of financial institutions for the transmission of financial shocks to the macroeconomy. For that purpose we develop an endogenous regime-switching structural vector autoregressive model with time-varying transition probabilities that...

For the emerging peer-to-peer (P2P) lending markets to survive, they need to employ credit-risk management practices such that an investor base is profitable in the long run. Traditionally, credit-risk management relies on credit scoring that predicts loans' probability of default. In this...

Responding to the influences of climate change, on the one hand, and selected benefits of digital technology, on the other hand, an energy transition of global scale appears to be underway. Many observers project that a significant element of the energy transition will be a growing dependence on...

In China, the relative wages of high-skilled and low-skilled workers display huge variation across different regions. We examine whether financial intermediation development can explain such variation. Conceptually, better-developed financial intermediation helps financially-constrained firms...

We conduct a novel empirical analysis of the role of leverage of financial institutions for the transmission of financial shocks to the macroeconomy. For that purpose, we develop an endogenous regime-switching structural vector autoregressive model with time-varying transition probabilities that...

The development of the activities of non-bank financial institutions that accumulate the resources of the national savings system on a long-term basis is seen as a factor in increasing investment in the Russian economy and its growth rates. When carrying out the study, we used general scientific...

We study whether government subsidies can stimulate bank funding of marginal investment projects and the associated effect on financial stability. We do so by exploiting granular project-level information for the largest regional economic development programme in Germany since 1997: the...

I develop a theory of intermediation in a market where agents meet bilaterally to trade and buyers cannot commit to payments. Some agents observe the past trading history of traders in the market. These informed agents can secure trades by punishing traders who previously defaulted. The...

In this paper we investigate the role of credit institutions in transmitting monetary shocks to the domestic economy and to the rest of the world output. In modeling the monetary and financial sector of the economy we distinguish between monetary injections via lump-sum transfers to individuals...

The investment fund sector, the largest component of the non-bank financial system, is growing rapidly and the economy is becoming more reliant on investment fund financial intermediation. This paper builds a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with banks and investment funds. Banks...

We study a model of financial intermediation, payment choice, and privacy in the digital economy. Cash preserves anonymity but cannot be used for more efficient online transactions. By contrast, bank deposits can be used online but do not preserve anonymity. Banks use the information contained...

In July 2021 the Eurosystem decided to launch the investigation phase of the digital euro project, which aims to provide euro area citizens with access to central bank money in an increasingly digitalised world. While a digital euro could offer a wide range of benefits, it could prompt changes...

Joseph A. Schumpeter is one of the most famous economists of the 20th century and the ’patron saint’ of the finance and growth literature. We have discovered that the prevailing literature has, however, misinterpreted Schumpeter, which leads to puzzling empirical results and difficulties in...

Shadow banking, as one of the main sources of financial stability concerns, is the subject of much international debate. In broad terms, shadow banking refers to activities related to credit intermediation and liquidity and maturity transformation that take place outside the regulated banking...

We study the impact of scarcity on intermediary profits through an analysis of the effects of the 2011 Japanese tsunami on the U.S. used car market. The tsunami devastated Japanese new car production for several months, which we show led to a demand surge for used cars. Wholesale and retail...

This paper examines the role of intermediation for the efficiency of Decentralized Finance (DeFi) markets for startups, with an application to Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs). ICO intermediation is a contentious issue. Existing research fails to explain the trade-off between intermediated and...

This study seeks to assess the phenomenon of market discipline in Brazil and analyze whether the increase in deposit insurance coverage in 2013 and the role of financial intermediaries in the funding market changed this discipline. The database includes accounting information of Brazilian banks...

The structure of market making in government bond markets has shifted from a bank-centric model to a hybrid one in which non-bank financial institutions, notably principal trading firms and hedge funds, play an important role alongside banks. This shift has occurred in several countries and,...

We build a financial intermediation model wherein bank and fintech intermediaries differ in their enforcement technology, reliance on collateral, and funding cost and compete or partner within frictional credit markets. The model explains the emergence and coexistence of three forms of lending...

We develop a model of financial crises with both a financial amplification mechanism, via frictional intermediation, and a role for sentiment, via time-varying beliefs about an illiquidity state. We confront the model with data on credit spreads, equity prices, credit, and output across the...

We study intermediation chains in over-the-counter markets in which agents interact with counter-parties for lending and borrowing liquid assets with collateral under incomplete information. Given a financial network, liquid assets are allocated from initial lenders to final borrowers through a...

We study if and how intermediary capitalization affects asset demand and prices. We introduce a model with strategic but capital-constrained intermediaries to show that lower capitalization or weaker capital requirements lead intermediaries to demand more of the asset at higher prices because it...

Capital constraints of financial intermediaries can affect liquidity provision. We investigate whether these constraints spillover and consequently cause contagion in the degree of market efficiency across assets managed by a common intermediary. Specifically, we provide evidence of strong...

We study the effects of the liberty bond drives of World War I on financial intermediation in the 1920s and beyond. Using panel data on U.S. counties, and an instrument that captures differences in the approaches used to market the bonds, we find that higher liberty bond subscription rates led...

We investigate the effect of intermediary frictions on asset pricing by examining the role of intermediaries in the convertible bond market. Buy-and-hedge intermediaries distribute new convertible issues but face costs in doing so. We demonstrate that these costs affect the price of...

Recent research developed under the ECB research task force on Monetary Policy, Macroprudential Policy and Financial Stability highlights the existence of trade-offs and spillovers that monetary policy and macroprudential authorities face when deciding on their policy interventions. Monetary...

The growth of so-called “shadow banking” was a significant contributor to the financial crisis of 2008, which had huge social costs that we still grapple with today. Our financial regulatory system still hasn’t fully figured out how to address the risks of the derivatives, securitizations,...