Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a topic which has recently been attracting an increasing amount of attention with respect to corporate operations, and shareholder proposals on CSR are also one of the main types of proposals at firms’ annual shareholder meetings. However, even though...

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether human capital affects firm value by following a positive methodological approach. According to the clas- sical theory of economic growth, the output of a country depends on its human and physical capital. At the micro-level, the same theory...

This paper addresses the differences between the Modigliani-Miller [M&M] model (1958, 1963) and the Miles-Ezzell [M&E] model (1980, 1985). The main difference between these two models concerns the stochasticity of the free cash flows. While M&M assumes a strictly stationary process, M&E's...

Die Deutsche Telekom ist die mit Abstand größte Betreiberin von Fest- und Mobilfunknetzen in Deutschland. Deshalb kommt ihrer strategischen Positionierung nationale Bedeutung für die Entwicklung der infrastrukturellen Grundlagen der Digitalisierung zu. Nachfolgend wird angenommen, dass diese...

The paper’s prime objective is to understand the impact of Shareholder activism on firm performance. This study is conducted in a unique setup where traditional activist investors such as pension funds and hedge funds are not present. However, the activism cases are increasing yearly in an...

In the capital market and financing theory, we are currently observing major upheavals. For decades, the neoclassical paradigm has dominated in science and practice. Triggered by economic and political crises, transformations, the COVID-19 pandemic, and political instabilities, a paradigm shift...

The global economic crisis in 1997 significantly impacted all corporate firms. Measuring valuation is becoming increasingly important in corporate firm analysis. Transparency in disclosures enables a company to meet market expectations while also adhering to regulatory requirements. The study's...

Since 2015, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) has disclosed initial public offering (IPO) companies’ review outcomes and hearing questions. For 15% of the companies that pass the IPO screening process, the CSRC also discloses some of their hearing questions that require further...

This paper proposes a model that associates borrower credit risk with the cash flow method to assess the economic value of a consumer credit portfolio. A Monte Carlo simulation applying the method to an illustrative loan reveals that the lending standards of the institution, captured in the...

It is widely accepted that risk and uncertainty are integral parts of the property valuation process. Uncertainty in property valuation is derived from the characteristics of property itself. The issue pertaining to risk and uncertainty in property valuations is currently one of the key concerns...

Because of the recent surge in the number of unicorns and their role in spurring entrepreneurship and social impacts, venture capitalists, entrepreneurs, and regulators are concerned about how startup firms are valued. This is due to a lack of financial and historical information about startups...

The simulation-based company valuation values a company on the basis of the risks actually present in the company without having to derive them from the capital market data. The simulation-based company valuation takes into account the market imperfections, such as the probability of insolvency...

This study examines the usefulness of analysts’ book value forecasts and the economic factors driving analysts’ issuance of these forecasts. We first establish that analysts’ book value forecasts are superior to forecasts that are mechanically imputed from analysts’ own earnings...

We study the accuracy of homeowners' self-reported estimates using data from the 2001-2019 American Housing Survey. By comparing homeowners' estimates with deflated transaction prices for the same properties, we find evidence that American homeowners overestimate the value of their homes by 1.3%...

We apply insights from research in social psychology and labor economics to the domain of entrepreneurial finance and investigate how founder chief executive officers’ (founder CEOs’) facial attractiveness influences firm valuation. Leveraging the novel context of initial coin offerings...

The valuation of equities remains a challenge both in practice and in theory. The value of an asset must reflect the present value of the future payments that accrue to the holder of the asset. Hence, the key question in equity valuation is how to determine the value today of a sequence of...

The frequency and intensity of weather-related catastrophes, such as storms and floods, have been increasing due to climate change. This leads to rising storm catastrophe risks to the property-casualty insurance and reinsurance sector. In this paper, we propose an index-based storm catastrophe...

For the last two decades, non-US firms have lower valuations than similar US firms. We study the evolution of this valuation gap to assess whether financial markets are less integrated after the 2008 global financial crisis (GFC). The valuation gap for firms from developed markets increases by...

On June 22, 2020, President Trump issued an Executive Order (EO) that suspended new work visas, barring nearly 200,000 foreign workers and their dependents from entering the United States and preventing American companies from hiring skilled immigrants using H-1B or L1 visas. Exploiting this...

The pharmaceutical industry discovers, develops, produces, and markets drugs or pharmaceutical drugs for use as medications to be administered (or self-administered) to patients, intending to cure them, vaccinate them, or alleviate the symptoms. Pharmaceutical companies may deal in generic or...

The pharmaceutical industry discovers, develops, produces, and markets drugs or pharmaceutical drugs for use as medications to be administered (or self-administered) to patients, with the aim to cure them, vaccinate them, or alleviate the symptoms. Pharmaceutical companies may deal in generic or...

Financial technology (FinTech) is an industry composed of diversified companies that use technology to make financial services more efficient. Fintech is recognized as one of the most critical innovations in the financial industry and is evolving at a rapid speed, driven in part by the sharing...

We review the burgeoning sustainable finance literature, emphasizing the value implications of ESG (environmental, social, and governance) and CSR (corporate social responsibility) practices. We use a discounted cash flow valuation framework to identify value drivers through which such practices...

We decompose firm-level corporate bond and equity index returns into (1) duration-matched government bond returns and (2) the excess return over and above this duration-matched counterfactual, what we term duration-adjusted returns. Our decomposition provides markedly different return patterns...

Regulators and policy makers express concern on the value of a fairness opinion, which is a third-party certification of transaction price in M&As. Prior literature also provides mixed evidence on the implication of fairness opinions. Motivated by this concern and prior research, we examine...

The enterprise (firm) is modeled as a collection of formal and informal contracts providing various factors of production with claims on the income stream in consideration of assets or services supplied to the enterprise. The strongly efficient bargaining model implies that the division of the...

This paper discusses an effort of creative lawyering to enable business clients to prevent and mitigate human rights abuse in their supply chains. Specifically, a Working Group of the Business Section of the American Bar Association has drafted suggested clauses for supply chain contracts...

In Canadian tax law, directors may face liability for a corporation's failure to withhold or remit certain tax and payroll amounts. To escape liability, directors can invoke the due diligence defence by demonstrating that they acted with the care, diligence, and skill of a "reasonably prudent...

Very often than not, business acquisition results in recognition of goodwill as the consideration paid to gain control of the acquiree is higher than the fair value of the net assets acquired to compensate for synergies which acquirer benefits from the business combination. Negative goodwill is...

Private equity grows from strength-to-strength, with 2021 being a record year for private equity buyouts. The success of private equity is dependent upon making large returns on investment. Partly, success is derived from growing acquired companies, making acquired companies more efficient, and...

An implicit assumption underlying price-earning ratio technique is that, its behavior overtime is stationary. The finding of this paper indicates that stationarity of price-earnings ratio hold only when security valuation is consistent with the dividend capitalization model of Gordon. The paper...

I investigate whether and how private equity fund managers (GPs) inflate their interim fund valuations (net asset values, or NAVs) during fundraising periods. Specifically, I study the extent to which the GPs inflate NAVs by managing valuation assumptions (e.g., valuation multiples), influencing...

The extent to which a real estate investment trust’s (REIT’s) physical growth is related to market valuation and performance is examined. Using a sample of U.S. equity REITs over the 1995-2020 period, we measure a REIT’s growth as the growth of its total area in square feet (or its number...

In this article, the general procedure of a model validation as described in 'Model Validation - A Blueprint' will be presented for the use case of the validation of a valuation model using as a prototypical example an amortizing cap. The example is suitable for illustrating two special features...

The new proposal for a Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive will require that certain parent companies must conduct due diligence in their subsidiaries. To comply a parent company needs to determine which subsidiaries are covered by these duties, how to conduct this due diligence and...