Following Sen's (1973) characterization of the Gini coefficient as a ratio between a measure of aggregate income-based stress ("depression" in Sen's terminology) and aggregate income, we transform the Gini coefficient into a social welfare function rather than having the Gini coefficient feature...

Following Sen's (1973) characterization of the Gini coefficient as a ratio between a measure of aggregate income-based stress ("depression" in Sen's terminology) and aggregate income, we transform the Gini coefficient into a social welfare function rather than having the Gini coefficient feature...

This Policy Brief introduces the Gini Trade Index (GTI) as a new trade synthetic key performance indicator capable of capturing the different distribution of trade values across firm characteristics and across countries. The new indicator replicates the well-known features of the traditional...

Die Betrachtung der Gini-Koeffizienten sowohl vor als auch nach Umverteilung zeigt, dass die Verteilung der persönlichen Einkommen in den USA zwischen 1947 und 2020 ungleicher geworden ist. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die möglichen Konzepte, die den Zielvorgaben für die Einkommensverteilung...

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of government interventions in lowering income inequality in post-communist economies of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The focus is set on three key policy instruments: progressive income taxation, social transfers, and minimum wage...

This study investigates the correlation between the Gini index and gross domestic product (GDP) in two of the world’s largest capitalist economies: the United States and the United Kingdom. Utilizing econometric methods, including stationarity tests and linear regression, this research work...

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the ongoing debate on global income inequality. It shows that global income inequality is a valuable analytical concept that significantly enhances our understanding of global economic dynamics. By addressing key methodological issues in the...

Research background: Applied welfare economics offers various social welfare functions (SWF) for appraising income distributions. Social planners commonly use two SWFs: SWFε implied by income inequality aversion (ε) and SWFv implied by rank inequality aversion (v). However, a voluntary choice...

This Policy Brief introduces the Gini Trade Index (GTI) as a new trade synthetic key performance indicator capable of capturing the different distribution of trade values across firm characteristics and across countries. The new indicator replicates the well-known features of the traditional...

Sen (1973 and 1997) presents the Gini coefficient of income inequality in a population as follows. "In any pair-wise comparison the man with the lower income can be thought to be suffering from some depression on finding his income to be lower. Let this depression be proportional to the...

The merger of populations expands the comparison space of incomes. As a result, measures of the income-based social stress and of the income inequality of the constituent populations need to be replaced by new measures. To this end, we develop a procedure for calculating the aggregate social...

The merger of populations expands the comparison space of incomes. As a result, measures of the income-based social stress and of the income inequality of the constituent populations need to be replaced by new measures. To this end, we develop a procedure for calculating the aggregate social...

Research on the consequences of income inequality on subjective well-being has yielded mixed results, including a lack of a statistically significant correlation. We propose that this inconsistency may arise from the failure to differentiate between perceived and actual income inequality....

We study how measures of socioeconomic health inequality inform about welfare inequality. We argue that transfers of either income or health from a better off to a worse off individual should reduce welfare inequality. Lacking an objective measure of individual welfare, we suggest that such a...

The issue of income disparity has long plagued South Africa because of the political environment that existed before the country's 1994 democratic transition. Based on the widely used Gini index, which gauges global inequality, the nation routinely has some of the highest rates of income...

The most common approach to measuring inequality of opportunity in income is to apply the Gini inequality index or the Mean Log Deviation (MLD) index to a smoothed distribution (i.e., a distribution of type mean incomes). We show how this approach can be naturally extended to include life...

The analysis of residual life expectancy evolution at retirement age holds great importance for life insurers and pension schemes. Over the last 30 years, numerous models for forecasting mortality have been introduced, and those that allow us to predict the mortality of two or more related...

The purpose of this work is to examine the nature of the historically observed and empirically described by the Pareto law inequality in the distribution of wealth and income in an economic system. This inequality is presumed to be the result of unequal opportunity by its members. An analytical...

Die Betrachtung der Gini-Koeffizienten sowohl vor als auch nach Umverteilung zeigt, dass die Verteilung der persönlichen Einkommen in den USA zwischen 1947 und 2020 ungleicher geworden ist. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die möglichen Konzepte, die den Zielvorgaben für die Einkommensverteilung...

After computing the Gini and Herfindahl-Hirschman indexes for exports and imports partner concentration for a set of 31 European countries between 1995 and 2023, we analyse the role of macroeconomic, institutional and uncertainty effects on the partner concentration (diversification) of exports...

This paper presents estimates of income concentration and inequality for Norway using a new comprehensive measure of income, which identifies business income as it is earned by companies rather than when it is paid out as dividends to owners. We assemble several sources of high quality register...

This paper presents estimates of income concentration and inequality for Norway using a new comprehensive measure of income, which identifies business income as it is earned by companies rather than when it is paid out as dividends to owners. We assemble several sources of high quality register...