The paper discusses the tax treatment of commuting where wages and housing cost vary across locations. An income tax distorts the locational choices of agents, who dislike commuting and have preferences for place of residence Wages, housing cost and commuting cost determine how subsidising or...

Establishing an equitable and efficient tax system is essential for reducing poverty, combating inequality, and fostering sustainable economic growth. Rwanda's government has recognized this and implemented significant changes to the personal income tax schedule for 2023 and 2024 as part of...

The paper examines the convergence of tax systems in Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) over the period 1995-2018. Due to the increasing impact of tax competition, we have focused on income taxes, in particular, corporate ones. We have identified the factors that influence the...

We decompose the redistributive effect of direct taxes into vertical, horizontal, and reranking components applying the methods of Urban and Lambert (Public Finance Review, 2008). In the first such application to the UK, and using yearly data covering 1977-2020, we find that redistributive...

This paper studies tax evasion in the form of under-reported wages in Ecuador using microdata from a combination of electronic billing and personal income tax returns filed in 2017. Bringing together this novel combination of data, the study applies the standard method Pissarides and Weber...

The study examines the shift in taxation of open-ended fixed-income funds in Brazil from a realization basis to an accrual basis (locally known as come-cotas), which was introduced in 1998 and more recently extended to include private closed-end funds and offshore trusts through the enactment of...

This note examines the effective income tax rates of top earners in Honduras, using a novel approach that links personal and corporate income tax data. This comprehensive income measure, achieved through collaboration with the Honduras Tax Authority (SAR), reveals a crucial link between the...

South Africa is one of the most unequal economies globally. In this paper, we examine the design of its personal income tax (PIT), with a focus on its redistributive function. We apply the Pfähler decomposition method to analyse the redistributive effects of key components of the South African...

How well raising tax rates can succeed for an economy intent on increasing tax revenue and narrowing the tax-to-GDP-ratio gap with other economies depends on its ability to meet certain conditions. This paper investigates these conditions and demonstrates that expanding the tax base as a...

Individuals vary considerably in how much they earn during their lifetimes. This study examines the role of the tax‐and‐transfer system in mitigating such inequalities, which could otherwise lead to disparities in living standards. Utilizing a life‐cycle model, we determine that the...

At the fourteenth session of the Regional Conference on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean, just weeks before the onset of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, the region’s governments undertook to “implement gender-sensitive countercyclical policies, in order to mitigate the...

This paper evaluates the redistributive and labour supply effects of transitioning from a joint to a fully individualised income tax system in Ireland. The current Irish tax system, which remains partially joint since the early 2000's, provides a financial advantage to married couples by...

Tax expenditures are tax relief measures targeted at some socially desirable activities or specific groups of taxpayers. This paper reviews issues related to tax expenditures in the EU and presents some stylised facts related to tax expenditures in personal income taxation (PIT), value-added...

This research conducts a comparative study of the economic growth and income distribution effects of consumption and comprehensive income taxes by introducing them into an endogenous economic growth model with human capital formation. We obtained the following results. First, consumption tax...

This report provides analysis and advice on tax policy and administration reforms to modernize and improve the income and consumption tax system. On consumption taxes, the key recommendation is to replace the current system that is based on import tariffs, a business turnover tax, and local...

Countries differ in their approaches to the treatment of tax claims in insolvency. Historically, most countries have granted priority to tax claims. In the late 20th century, however, some countries abolished or reduced tax priorities at the same time that sweeping insolvency reforms were...

This report presents estimates of the Personal Income Tax (PIT) and Social Security Contributions tax gaps for Armenia for 2020-2023. The tax gaps are based on a bottom-up approach using operational audits. The PIT gap is estimated at 3.8 percent of potential PIT liability

I take a simple model of affine taxation of labour income and append to it the possibility that the chosen tax schedule triggers conflict in society. I demonstrate theoretically that, under certain conditions, the set of efficient tax schedules is a proper subset of the set of efficient tax...

Flat tax systems have gained traction in countries that transitioned from socialism, with more than 20 nations in Eastern Europe and Central Asia adopting such systems since the mid-1990s. These reforms aimed to streamline tax processes, enhance compliance, and boost economic growth. While...

We use variation in marginal tax rates and in tax bracket thresholds at which they apply in order to identify the substitution and income effects of tax reforms. We use a triple-difference estimator that exploits variation from subnational tax reforms, for which behavioral responses to taxes are...

We investigate how tax authorities use joint tax audits as a coordinated enforcement tool in cross-border transactions of a multinational firm. Joint tax audits aim to resolve potential tax disputes early, before such disputes escalate into costly and time-consuming resolution procedures that...

We propose a new approach to assess the impact of regulatory changes on the production sector such as competition policies, taxing intermediate goods, robots or AI, trade regulation, production of public firms or environmental standards for firms. Our framework covers multidimensional nonlinear...