Small and young businesses are essential for job creation, innovation, and economic growth. Even most of the superstar firms start their business life small and then grow over time. Small firms have less internal resources, which makes them more fragile and sensitive to macroeconomic conditions....

This Technical Report documents the construction and coverage of the IWH European Real Estate Index (EREI). Since 2018, we have used machine-learning methods to collect monthly listings of residential real estate available for sale or rent in up to 20 European countries. The Technical Report...

Der Länderindex Familienunternehmen 2024 vergleicht zum zehnten Mal seit 2006 die Standortbedingungen für Familienunternehmen in den wichtigsten Industrieländern. Konzeptionell orientiert sich der Standortvergleich an den Faktoren, die für die Geschäftsmodelle großer Familienunternehmen...

The European Union has improved living standards, yet welfare disparities persist across regions, countries, and demographic groups. This paper uses data from European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys and the at-risk-of-poverty or social...

Forecasting stock markets is challenging due to the influence of various internal and external factors compounded by the effects of globalization. This study introduces a data-driven approach to forecast S&P 500 returns by incorporating macroeconomic indicators including gold and oil prices, the...

The consumer price index (CPI) plays a critical role in measuring inflation. Recent inflation trends, however, have raised questions about its accuracy. This paper evaluates several of these critiques, including that the CPI fails to keep up with rapid changes in consumer expenditure patterns;...

Passenger transportation in Japan's main metropolitan areas is operated by the JR companies, which were privatized and divested from Japan National Railways (JNR) in 1987 and by 16 major private railway companies with large-scale operations. Although their core business is transportation, the...

This paper aims to reassess multidimensional poverty measurement including the ease of doing business as an additional indicator with the existing measurements for 81 countries by human development, and identify how multidimensional poverty has changed during a very short period from 2014 to...

Der Länderindex Familienunternehmen 2024 vergleicht zum zehnten Mal seit 2006 die Standortbedingungen für Familienunternehmen in den wichtigsten Industrieländern. Konzeptionell orientiert sich der Standortvergleich an den Faktoren, die für die Geschäftsmodelle großer Familienunternehmen...

We analyze a large panel of units grouped by shared extreme value indices (EVIs) and aim to identify these unknown groups. To achieve this, we order the Hill estimates of individual EVIs and segment them by minimizing the total squared distance between each estimate and its corresponding group...

Industrial estate (IE) was established to obtain economic, territorial, and environmental advantages. A high occupancy rate indicates an IE's success, which depends on thorough IE planning and preparation. However, the literature has not fully explored a comprehensive measurement of IE readiness...

We propose a sentiment-based financial stress index (S-FSI) for Russia from January 2018 to June 2024. The index is based on the intensity of internet searches in Russian via Google and Yandex for terms with negative connotations about financial stability. The terms in our index form a unique...

Housing rents are one of the most important and difficult elements of spatial cost of living comparisons. Difficulties arise from the lack of sufficiently detailed and harmonized data, especially at the international level. The emergence of Airbnb has created a valuable new source of...

Okun's misery index (MI), the sum of unemployment rate and inflation rate, is a popular measure of the state of the economy and thus of (macro) '' Economic Discomfort'' as well as of government performance. We calculate the MI and some augmentations for Germany (until 1990: West Germany) for the...

As climate change intensifies, countries experience varying degrees of vulnerability and resilience that influence their capacity to withstand and recover from environmental, economic, and social shocks. This study introduces the Multidimensional Vulnerability and Lack of Resilience Index...

Digitalisation has become a transformative force revamping economies, societies, and governance systems. It has fostered innovation and enhanced global competitiveness in an interconnected world. This study aims to construct a composite index for digitalisation to evaluate global digitalisation...

We develop a statistical-methodological framework for a set of core commercial real estate market indicators, which consists of a market price index, a gross rent index, and a net rental yield index as well a vacancy rate. We argue that the indicators should be (macro-)consistent, meaning that...

This study develops a multi-dimensional composite index to measure financial inclusion in Ethiopia, using a two-stage Principal Component Analysis based on ten traditional and five digital indicators from 2015 to 2023. The results reveal a significant increase in Ethiopia's financial inclusion...

This Policy Brief introduces the Gini Trade Index (GTI) as a new trade synthetic key performance indicator capable of capturing the different distribution of trade values across firm characteristics and across countries. The new indicator replicates the well-known features of the traditional...

Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt einen additiven Index zum kli-mapolitischen Engagement auf kommunaler Ebene vor, basie-rend auf den drei Dimensionen Bewusstsein, Konzeption undDurchführung von Klimaschutz und Klimawandelanpassung.Die Erstellung des Index beruht auf der Selbstwahrnehmungund...

Globally, countries are engaged in developing strategies and undertaking initiatives for green transitioning of the financial system and achieving net-zero targets by 2050. Green transitioning of the financial system includes boosting green finance (GF) and green investment (GI) in the country....

The European Commission's 2015 aging report forecasts a substantial increase in public spending on Long-Term Care (LTC) for OECD countries by 2060, posing significant fiscal challenges. This study aims to assess the efficiency and productivity of the LTC sector from 2010 to 2019 and explore...

The South African meat industry plays an important role in food provision, income generation, and economic stability. However, inflation-driven volatility in commodity markets has intensified the focus on the nexus between producer and consumer price indexes, as significant meat price changes...

This study provides the results of the 2024 edition of the Eco-Innovation Index. Defined as innovation that reduces environmental impacts, increases resilience to environmental pressures or uses natural resources efficiently, eco-innovation is critical for achieving EU targets linked to the...

Purpose This study aims to assess the level of development of the digital economy by constructing a comprehensive measurement system. It explores regional differences within China’s digital economy, highlighting the varying degrees of digital infrastructure, industrialization, governance and...

This paper describes the Bundesbank's weekly financial stress indicator for Germany. The indicator condenses several financial market variables into a summary measure of financial stress. It represents a contemporaneous, market-based indicator that captures the materialisation of systemic risk...

The Fraser Institute's Economic Freedom of the World index and the Heritage Foundation's Index of Economic Freedom allow researchers to empirically test the hypothesis that greater economic freedom leads to higher economic growth. Government size is a component of both indices. A larger...