This policy note argues that the low income of cocoa farmers in the cocoa-chocolate global value chain (GVC) is not only a problem in itself, but also exacerbates social and environmental sustainability issues such as child labor and deforestation. The experience of the last two decades has...

In the context of persisting sustainability challenges in the Global Cocoa-Chocolate Chain (GCCC), sustainability certification gained momentum as a major industry response. While much research has been undertaking regarding effects of certification schemes on farming practices and farmers'...

This policy note argues that the low income of cocoa farmers in the cocoa-chocolate global value chain (GVC) is not only a problem in itself, but also exacerbates social and environmental sustainability issues such as child labor and deforestation. The experience of the last two decades has...

The present paper uses asymmetric cointegration and error-correction modeling where a nonlinear adjustment of the exchange rate yields results that are different than those yielded by linear models. We study cocoa imports for Turkey with advanced ARDL and nonlinear ARDL frameworks. Our findings...

In the context of persisting sustainability challenges in the Global Cocoa-Chocolate Chain (GCCC), sustainability certification gained momentum as a major industry response. While much research has been undertaking regarding effects of certification schemes on farming practices and farmers'...

ABSTRACT CONTEXT Global cocoa production is largely concentrated in West Africa where over 70% of cocoa is produced. Here, cocoa farming is largely a rain-fed, low-input system with low average yields, which are expected to reduce due to climate change. With increasing demand, there is a need to...

Der vorliegende Report diskutiert die gegenwärtige Struktur der globalen Kakao Wertschöpfungskette (KS-WSK). Er zeigt auf, dass sich die arbeitsintensive Produktion von Kakaobohnen stark auf Côte d'Ivoire und Ghana konzentriert, während die kapitalintensive Verarbeitung der Bohnen sowie die...

Large chocolate manufacturers have committed themselves to only using certifiedcocoa beans and some governments want to increase the share of certified cocoaproducts consumed in their countries. Thus, Voluntary Sustainability Standards(VSSs) become quasi-mandatory for cocoa producers and...

In the past two decades, markets grew to accommodate no less than 435 “eco-labels” or standards such as Organic, Fair Trade, Rainforest Alliance, and UTZ Certified, that claim some aspect of sustainability. They constitute multi-billion dollar markets and the world’s leading food and...

Technical inefficiency persists in Ghana's cocoa farms. Farm‑level guidelines from empirical studies are essential to inform programmes dealing with this challenge and subsequently improves farmers' welfare. This study evaluates the two‑way effects of technical efficiency and welfare using...

Due to the importance of cocoa in the food industry, there is a greater need to transport this commodity with fewer rejections and damage to quality. Growing in the tropical areas of the world, cocoa beans travel a considerable distance to their main importing destinations located in North...

The effectiveness of different exchange rate systems continues to attract the attention of many scholars, however, most discussions on exchange rate regimes have focused on how the phenomenon affects economic growth, economic stability, financial crises, international tourism, and international...

Cote d’Ivoire has been at the helm of cocoa production for more than 3 decades. Despite being fraught by occasional challenges, she is still poised to steer the global cocoa production rudder. To keep the mantle of, we investigate and analyse some determinants that influence cocoa shortage in...

The cocoa industry is a global multi-billion dollar industry that faces numerous challenges at the farm level. Cocoa is largely grown on smallholder farms in equatorial Africa, which face poverty, declining productivity, volatile prices and lack of funding for investment, as well as human rights...

The paper analyses cocoa farmers' integration into global markets taking into account trade reforms in five cocoa producing countries. The analysis investigates price transmission mechanisms from world to domestic cocoa markets in the context of trade liberalizing policy reforms. The empirical...

Commodity price volatility remains a crucial development challenge of commodity-dependent countries of the Global South. Drawing on structural development economics' concerns with commodity price volatility and stabilisation, this article calls for the integration of price-setting into the...

"Avec une poignée d'autres produits agricoles comme le café, la banane ou le sucre, le cacao est un produit emblématique de la mondialisation, mais aussi d'une évolution culturelle qui a vu naître de nouveaux modèles de consommation : cette denrée « exotique », aux conditions de...

"Addressing the threatened future of chocolate in our modern world, Dale Walters discusses the problems posed by plant diseases, pests, and climate change, looking at what these mean for the survival of the cacao tree."

Agricultural price distortion which is the discrepancy between world market price of agricultural produce and price received by farmers as a result of market interventions by governments, either through subsidies or taxes or even trade protection systems, has received rare attention in the cocoa...

This report examines the cocoa supply chain, its associated deforestation, and the role and limitations of certification schemes to reduce deforestation. The deforestation-related commitments from cocoa companies are analyzed across the value chain by looking at commitment types, implementation,...

Global cocoa production faces mounting environmental and economic challenges. Despite long-term global demand, cocoa producers are confronting the triple challenge of increasing productivity on limited land, reducing pressure on forests and ecosystems, and increasing their resilience to climate...

Cote d'Ivoire is the world's leading cocoa producer, supplying nearly 40 percent of world cocoa production. Developments in the cocoa sector can have significant implications for poverty reduction and shared prosperity given that the sector is a source of livelihood for about one-fifth of the...

The high volatility of the world cocoa price makes the millions of cocoa farmers in the developing world highly vulnerable to poverty. A large volatility in the value of an agricultural commodity is linked to the inelasticity of its supply or demand. Therefore, we test the hypothesis that the...

This study investigates the Indonesian cocoa production to reveal the possibilities for poverty alleviation while considering the threats to environmental sustainability. We estimate, based on a large household panel data set and stochastic frontier analysis, the technical efficiency of cocoa...