This paper studies how the swiftness and delay of punishment affect behavior. Using rich administrative data from automated speed cameras, we exploit two (quasi-)experimental sources of variation in the time between a speeding offense and the sending of a ticket. At the launch of the speed...

Recent studies have addressed the impact of Environment, Social, and Governance responsibility on corporate financial performance and value, but often ignore its impact on non-financial performance. Whereas the ultimate goal of ESG responsibilities is non-financial matters, that is, to...

In many developing and emerging economies, frequent power outages are often a consequence of electricity rationing, stemming from the insufficient generation capacity to meet peak demand. In an effort to minimize the disruption caused by sudden power outages, utilities often implement scheduled...

This study investigates how institutional rules and fairness in enforcement affect cooperation and compliance in heterogenous groups. In a preregistered online experiment (n = 1, 254), we vary both the existence of a rule governing contributions to a public good as well as whether enforcement of...

Environment, Social, and Governance (ESG) scores serve as an index that indicates the extent to which listed companies operate an eco-friendly and cleaner production process, are responsible to society, and are transparent and accountable with their shareholders and investors. This study...

This paper investigates the effects of competition laws and regulations on manufacturing firms productivity in Latin American countries (LACs), addressing a gap in existing research. Leveraging firm-level panel data from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys across 14 LAC economies and competition...

The article "Cryptocurrency Regulation in the US and the Czech Republic: A Comparative Analysis of Enforcement and Effectiveness" examines the regulatory frameworks in both countries as they address the rising risks of fraud associated with crypto-assets like cryptocurrencies and Non-Fungible...

The efficacy and fairness of cash bail in promoting public safety has been a prominent policy question in recent years, but it is difficult to rigorously estimate the effects of bail, particularly at the state level, because of a lack of exogenous variation. California responded to the COVID...

Racial disparities within the criminal justice system continue to be a pressing issue in the U.S. In this paper, we analyze data for almost four million stops by California's fifteen largest law enforcement agencies in 2019, examining the extent to which people of color experience searches,...

This study uses survey data on small business loans granted 2022 -2023 to explore racial disparities in the terms of loans to small firms. Similar data has not been available since the 2003 Survey of Small Business Finances (SSBF). We find that for Hispanic-, Asian American- and Black-owned...

In today’s digitally interconnected world, copyright infringement frequently crosses national borders, presenting complex legal challenges for effective enforcement of intellectual property rights in general, and copyright in particular. This paper examines the challenges associated with...

We use the American Community Survey microdata and employ difference-in-differences (DID) models to examine how local immigration law enforcement, through 287(g) agreements and the Secure Communities program, impacts homeownership among different demographic groups. The findings indicate that...

For several years, access to evidence has been identified by potential claimants as one of the main difficulties in bringing damages actions for breach of competition rules in general, and class actions in this area in particular, in the European Union. As regards the former, Directive...

This paper examines the impact of two interventions by Colombia's competition authority to enforce competition in the sugar market on firm performance in downstream sectors. Using an exogenous identification strategy, the analysis finds that following the competition authority's intervention...

There were 53 ELD occurrences in Latvia up to the end of 2021. Compared with other Member States, the level of enforcement of national ELD legislation is moderate to good.1 This is due in large part to the implementation and enforcement of national ELD legislation for all land, water and...

There were six ELD occurrences in Ireland from the time that the ELD was transposed into Irish law on 1 April 2009 until 30 September 2021. Three of these occurrences involved an imminent threat of environmental damage, of which two were for biodiversity damage and one was for water damage....

Hungary reported 573 ELD occurrences to the European Commission in the period between 30 April 2007 and 30 April 2013, the highest number of ELD occurrences reported by any Member State. The Country Report for Hungary stated that the number of ELD occurrences since that time is not publicly...

There were four ELD occurrences of environmental damage and no ELD occurrences of an imminent threat of environmental damage in Belgium between the time that the ELD was transposed into the law of the Flemish and Walloon Regions (30 April 2007), the Brussels-Capital Region (14 November 2008),...

There were two ELD occurrences in Cyprus up to November 2021. One occurrence involved damage to protected species and natural habitats. The other occurrence involved an imminent threat of environmental damage (threat to human health and the environment (air, soil and waters)).

The application of national ELD legislation is low in Bulgaria. The reason is that since April 2008 when the ELD was transposed into Bulgarian law and November 2021, there had been two environmental damage occurrences under the ELD (both in 2020) and six occurrences of an imminent threat of...

There was a total of 171 ELD occurrences in Italy between 2006 when Italy transposed the ELD and 31 December 2018. Twenty-two were environmental damage occurrences, up to 146 were imminent threat occurrences and three were both environmental damage and imminent threat occurrences. Competent...

Europol was mandated in 2019 by the EU Justice and Home Affairs ministers to create an Innovation Lab to support the law enforcement community in the area of innovation. The Lab aims to identify, promote and develop concrete innovative solutions in support of the EU Member States' operational...

This document, which is updated on an annual basis, provides an overview of the case-law of national courts with regard to the application of national legislation regulating intellectual property crime (IPC). An IPC is an infringement of intellectual property (IP) rights, such as counterfeiting...

This feasibility study, commissioned by the Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs (DG HOME), evaluates the harmonization of access to travel information for cross-border road and rail transport within the EU. It examines the collection, transfer, and processing of travel data to...

This feasibility study on 'Harmonising of reporting obligations of travel data on maritime transport, with the view to using such data for law enforcement purposes' contributes to the European Commission's efforts to map and potentially close the current information gaps on maritime travel...

While there are harmonised EU rules on the processing of commercial air passenger data for law enforcement purposes, the processing of data on other modes of transport for such purposes is not regulated. This results in a very disparate set of practices among Member States, leading to legal and...

Tackling greenwashing is an issue where human rights, consumer rights and climate goals align. Companies use greenwashing to convince people to buy products that are not always as environmentally friendly as they claim to be. They mislead consumers and harm the environment. This report shows how...

Tackling greenwashing is an issue where human rights, consumer rights and climate goals align. Companies use greenwashing to convince people to buy products that are not always as environmentally friendly as they claim to be. They mislead consumers and harm the environment. This report shows how...

This study on enforcement procedures and sanctions in place in Member States for infringements and circumvention of the Regulation (EU) No. 1257/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 November 2013 ("SRR" or "Regulation") on ship recycling aims at providing the European...

Liability for preventing and remediating environmental damage in Germany is mostly enforced by national liability legislation for preventing and remediating land/soil, water, and biodiversity damage, and environmental permitting and planning legislation. Competent authorities tend to enforce...

Enforcement of national ELD legislation in Finland is low. Between 2013 and November 2021 there had only been one ELD occurrence involving water damage, one ELD occurrence involving an imminent threat of water damage, and two potential ELD occurrences (one involving water damage and biodiversity...