This paper examines the potential for automation and artificial intelligence (AI) to induce a broader economic decline, impacting not only labor but also the owners of capital and advanced technology. While automation has traditionally favored skilled over unskilled workers, recent advancements...

Seit Jahresbeginn 2024 finden deutschlandweit Proteste gegen Rechtsextremismus großen Zulauf. Doch ist es tatsächlich eine "schweigende Mehrheit", die hier für Demokratie aufsteht? In diesem Policy Paper stellen wir die Ergebnisse einer Befragung dreier Protestveranstaltungen vor und...

The Philippines has set an ambitious goal of becoming a predominantly middle-class society free of poverty by 2040. However, this aspiration comes at a time of significant global headwinds that pose risks to the country's development trajectory. Growing the middle class is more closely related...

This report provides a comprehensive examination of trends in income inequality within and between the EU Member States from 2006 to 2021. The study also aims to answer the related question of whether the middle class is becoming smaller because of developments in respect of disparities in...

This report provides a comprehensive examination of trends in income inequality within and between the EU Member States from 2006 to 2021. The study also aims to answer the related question of whether the middle class is becoming smaller because of developments in respect of disparities in...

The purpose of this study is to create a representative socio-economic profile of entrepreneurs operating in the former Soviet Union (FSU) states as a pillar of the new middle-class stratum. This study explored middle-class entrepreneurship from multiple perspectives, encompassing statistical...

Seit Jahresbeginn 2024 finden deutschlandweit Proteste gegen Rechtsextremismus großen Zulauf. Doch ist es tatsächlich eine "schweigende Mehrheit", die hier für Demokratie aufsteht? In diesem Policy Paper stellen wir die Ergebnisse einer Befragung dreier Protestveranstaltungen vor und...

This study examines the impact of international economic sanctions, imposed on Iran due to its nuclear program, on the development of the middle class. Specifically, it investigates how the middle class in Iran would have developed in the absence of these sanctions post-2012. To address this...

As gender equality is the basis for realizing social-environmental-economic sustainability, inequality in gender can significantly hamper economic productivity and negatively affect individuals' lives. This study examines the desired attitudes towards gender norms that can be used to improve...

In summer 1923, pursuant to the 'full powers' granted him by the Parliament to balance the budget, Alberto De Stefani - appointed in October 1922 as Mussolini's Treasury Minister - announced the abolition of inheritance tax. The most iconic act of Fascist 'financial restauration' of 1922-25, the...

The objectives of the study are to develop an understanding of major changes such as the effectiveness of government, economic growth, religion, and the socio-political role of the middle-class people that have taken place in the society and politics of Bangladesh over the last few years. Apart...

In the 24 years since its introduction, the euro has experienced a financial crisis, a government debt crisis, a global pandemic, and an energy crisis-and survived. Using a model focusing on households, this Weekly Report shows that the monetary union’s stability is rooted in the fact that the...

This paper evaluates the importance of middle class vulnerability to poverty for subjective well-being (happiness) in European countries. Using the special module of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions micro-data on well-being and national aggregates from the World...

Middle class incomes in the EU are highest in Luxembourg, Denmark, Finland, Austria, and Sweden, and lowest in Eastern European countries. The middle class in Bulgaria and Romania are at the bottom of EU nominal incomes, but their living costs are just half of the EU average. When accounting for...

This note, referencing the author's prior discussion of the "Keynesian Fordist" and "Neoliberal Financialization" growth models, discusses the implications of each from a class and consumption standpoint, noting that where Keynesian Fordism was associated with a considerable growth in a...

This study aims to investigate the mediating effect of socio-religious behavior on consumption pattern changes of middle-class Muslims in the new normal era. In terms of methodology, this study is a correlational survey research. Research data were collected through questionnaires as many as 553...

This note, addressing the often ambiguous definition of "middle classness," offers the concept of "quasi-middle classness" to the end of helping clarify the issue. What distinguishes quasi-middle classness from middle classness in this analysis is that quasi-middle classness is more narrowly a...

The growing middle classes in middle-income countries may play a key role in current trends of democratic backsliding, online activism and lifestyle politics. This contribution uncovers which modes of political participation are prevalent among the middle classes in Peru and the Philippines,...

This study combines pre-COVID-19 household surveys with 2020 macro data to simulate changes in household economic welfare and poverty rates through job losses, labor income changes, and non-labor (remittance) income changes during 2020 in Brazil, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, South Africa, and...

Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. Chinese Business Associations: Reasearch from the Perspective of State-Society Relations.-Chapter 3. Diversity and Dynamics of the Interaction between Chinese Industry Associations, Chambers of Commerce, and the Government.-Chapter 4. Research Design and...

Ökonomische Unsicherheiten führen auch in der Mitte der Gesellschaft zu wachsendem Prekarisierungsdruck. Prekarisierungsprozesse durchziehen eine breite gesellschaftliche Gruppe (Castel, 2009, S. 30). Es ist nicht mehr die vielzitierte Unterschicht, die sogenannten Bildungsfernen oder Menschen...

Wir untersuchen die Mittelschicht in Österreich und Deutschland, wobei ein besonderer Fokus auf den Veränderungen der vergangenen 20 Jahre liegt. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich die Mittelschicht in Deutschland und Österreich in ihrer Zusammensetzung hinsichtlich Bildung, Familienkonstellationen...

Etwa jeder zweite Bundesbürger zählte im Jahr 2018 zur Einkommensmittelschicht im engeren Sinn (i.e.S.). Seit über einer Dekade hat sich dieser Anteil nur unmerklich verändert. Gestiegen sind jedoch die Schwellenwerte, ab denen man zur Einkommensmitte gehört - ein Ausdruck gestiegenen...

The world is changing its socio-economic landscape. By doing so, the phenomenon of a growing middle-class appears. Both household surveys and growth projections suggest that only about one-third of the global middle class is based in Asia. However, between 2009 and 2017, the global middle-class...

In a rare example of a national goal for income distribution besides reducing poverty (for which there is broad consensus), China’s leadership has recently committed to expanding the middle-income share—striving for a less polarized “olive-shaped” distribution. Recognizing the potential...

To receive subsidies to expand broadband to unserved areas under the “Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment” (“BEAD”) program provided by the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act of 2021, the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (“NTIA”) requires states to...