Energy exchange-traded funds (ETF) are innovative energy financial product that reflects the cyclical supply and demand of energy. This paper employs the TVP-VAR-DY model to examine the dynamic volatility spillover effects within the energy ETF market in response to EPU shocks, as well as to...

Myanmar’s education system stands at a critical juncture, shaped by overlapping crises and significant resilience. Following years of conflict, political instability, and economic stress, recent data reveal both progress and persistent vulnerabilities. Primary school enrollment has largely...

Fünf Jahre nach dem blutigen Militärputsch und inmitten eines Bürgerkrieges haben in Myanmar Wahlen stattgefunden. Sie waren weder frei noch fair, noch wurde bei ihrer Durchführung auch nur versucht, den Schein demokratischer Mindeststandards zu wahren. Der Hauptzweck der Wahlen war von...

Five years after the bloody military coup and amid a civil war, elections have taken place in Myanmar. They were neither free nor fair, nor was any attempt made to keep up an appearance of even minimum democratic standards. From the outset, the main purpose of the elections was not political...

Fünf Jahre nach dem blutigen Militärputsch und inmitten eines Bürgerkrieges haben in Myanmar Wahlen stattgefunden. Sie waren weder frei noch fair, noch wurde bei ihrer Durchführung auch nur versucht, den Schein demokratischer Mindeststandards zu wahren. Der Hauptzweck der Wahlen war von...

Five years after the bloody military coup and amid a civil war, elections have taken place in Myanmar. They were neither free nor fair, nor was any attempt made to keep up an appearance of even minimum democratic standards. From the outset, the main purpose of the elections was not political...

In recent years Myanmar has witnessed considerable economic and political instability, leading many young people, particularly the higher-skilled, to consider migrating abroad for improved prospects. We employ an innovative method to quantify migration intentions among high-skilled youth by...

We examine the relationship between violent conflict and the willingness of potential migrants to accept lower skilled work (occupational downgrading). We develop a theoretical model of migration decisions, which we test using an innovative survey module administered to high-skilled youth in...

Die existentielle Not der Menschen im Gazastreifen prägt derzeit außen- und sicherheitspolitische Debatten. Dort ist die Lage der Zivilbevölkerung besonders dramatisch. Doch auch anderswo - von der Ukraine über Sudan und Myanmar bis zur Demokratischen Republik Kongo und Haiti - haben Kriege...

The existential catastrophe faced by the population of the Gaza Strip currently looms large in the foreign policy and security debates. The plight of civilians there is particularly acute. Yet, severe crises persist elsewhere too - from Ukraine and Sudan to Myanmar, the Democratic Republic of...

Die halbjährlich stattfindenden ASEAN-Gipfeltreffen sind fester Bestandteil der regionalen Gipfeldiplomatie. International finden sie aber nur wenig bis gar keine Beachtung. Das liegt zum einen daran, dass sie, als "talk shops" verschrien, selten konkrete Ergebnisse liefern; zum anderen daran,...

The biannual Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) summit meetings are a fixed component of regional summit diplomacy. Internationally, however, they tend to attract little to no attention. This is partly due to their reputation as mere "talk shops" that rarely produce concrete results...

This report takes stock of poverty and labor markets in Myanmar through 2024 prior to the earthquake, assesses the short-term poverty impact of the recent earthquake-which is expected to compound existing vulnerabilities-and highlights the long-term generational income losses resulting from...

Die halbjährlich stattfindenden ASEAN-Gipfeltreffen sind fester Bestandteil der regionalen Gipfeldiplomatie. International finden sie aber nur wenig bis gar keine Beachtung. Das liegt zum einen daran, dass sie, als "talk shops" verschrien, selten konkrete Ergebnisse liefern; zum anderen daran,...

The biannual Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) summit meetings are a fixed component of regional summit diplomacy. Internationally, however, they tend to attract little to no attention. This is partly due to their reputation as mere "talk shops" that rarely produce concrete results...

This study assesses the evolution of gender equality between 1973 and 2019 under military and non-military regimes in Myanmar. Gender inequality remains a significant barrier in Myanmar: women have participated in major political events since 1974 but have failed to gain equality in politics,...

The impacts of the March earthquake are continuing to disrupt lives and livelihoods, exacerbating the already very difficult economic conditions. The World Bank estimates that economic output losses attributable to the earthquake will be equivalent to around 4 percent of gross domestic product...

This budget brief is part of a series of reports summarizing developments' in Myanmar's public finances. The report relies on new information published by the authorities, including the recently published reports of Ministry of Planning and Finance (MOPF), and other publicly available sources....

We examine the relationship between violent conflict and the willingness of potential migrants to accept lower skilled work (occupational downgrading). We develop a theoretical model of migration decisions, which we test using an innovative survey module administered to high-skilled youth in...

In recent years Myanmar has witnessed considerable economic and political instability, leading many young people, particularly the higher-skilled, to consider migrating abroad for improved prospects. We employ an innovative method to quantify migration intentions among high-skilled youth by...

Economic conditions have deteriorated further in the past six months, with recent devastating floods adding to ongoing challenges associated with armed conflict and macroeconomic volatility. In conjunction with heavy monsoon rains, Typhoon Yagi, which struck Myanmar in early September, triggered...

Die existentielle Not der Menschen im Gazastreifen prägt derzeit außen- und sicherheitspolitische Debatten. Dort ist die Lage der Zivilbevölkerung besonders dramatisch. Doch auch anderswo - von der Ukraine über Sudan und Myanmar bis zur Demokratischen Republik Kongo und Haiti - haben Kriege...

Economic conditions remain constrained due to the lingering effects of the March 2025 earthquake, ongoing conflict, subdued domestic demand, labor shortages, and persistent power outages. The recovery is fragile and uneven, with businesses and households directly affected by the earthquake...

This study examines the determinants of insurance and insurer preferences among financial consumers in three emerging ASEAN markets-Myanmar, Vietnam, and Indonesia. Using 1,131 survey responses and a multinomial logistic regression framework, we analyze how socioeconomic, demographic, and...

Climate change poses significant threats to agriculture, particularly in regions that heavily rely on farming for economic stability and food security. This study examines the economic impact of climate change on net revenue in the Delta region, a critical area for Myanmar's rice production....

The existential catastrophe faced by the population of the Gaza Strip currently looms large in the foreign policy and security debates. The plight of civilians there is par­ticularly acute. Yet, severe crises persist elsewhere too - from Ukraine and Sudan to Myanmar, the Democratic Republic of...

This paper investigates whether social media access is associated with increased probability or intensity of ethnic conflict in Myanmar. In this context most people use mobile phones, and particularly the Facebook app, to access the internet. To distinguish the effects of social media from those...

This report on the Availability and Pricing of Essential Medicines in Myanmar relies on multiple assessments (2021 - 2023) conducted jointly by the World Bank and World Health Organization as well as other publicly available information. This report provides an overview of findings from a...

This report provides an analysis of access to essential health services in Myanmar from 2021 to 2023, based on publicly available sources of information as well as multiple assessments conducted jointly by the World Bank and World Health Organization during this timeframe. Myanmar faces a...

Myanmar's economy continues to face significant challenges in 2024. Economic activity has been constrained by elevated conflict, increased macroeconomic volatility, and a challenging business environment. In addition to its ongoing impacts on household livelihoods and agricultural production,...

This paper investigates whether social media access is associated with increased probability or intensity of ethnic conflict in Myanmar. In this context most people use mobile phones, and particularly the Facebook app, to access the internet. To distinguish the effects of social media from those...

Economic conditions in Myanmar have deteriorated in the past six months, with the signs of recovery observed in the first half of 2023 proving to be fragile and short-lived. Conflict has escalated across much of Myanmar since October causing displacement, labor shortages, and increased logistics...