Digitale Plattformen sind auf vielen Märkten aktiv und spielen deshalb auch bei Innovationen eine entscheidende Rolle. Sie selbst bringen Innovationen hervor, können aber auch bei den Plattformnutzern und anderen Akteuren des Plattformökosystems Innovationen incentivieren. Plattformen...

Today's internet is shaped largely by privately operated platforms of various kinds. This paper asks how the various commercially operated communication, market, consumption and service platforms can be grasped as a distinct organizational form of enterprise. To this end, we make a basic...

The Internet and digitization at the turn of the XXI century have changed the old offline business paradigm, resulting in an explosion of online platform enterprises. Furthermore, the worldwide coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has shown how society and the economy are becoming increasingly...

Advanced economies feature complicated networks that connect households, firms, and regions. How do these structures affect the impact of fiscal policy and its optimal targeting? We study these questions in a model with input-output linkages, regional structure, and household heterogeneity in...

In this paper, we develop a methodology to estimate hidden linear networks when only an aggregate outcome is observed. The aggregate observable variable is a linear mixture of the different networks and it is assumed that each network corresponds to the transmission mechanism of different...

This paper analyzes the role of social networks in the diffusion of knowledge and adoption of cultivation techniques, from trainees to the wider community, in the context of an extension project in Guinea-Bissau. In order to test for social learning, we exploit a detailed census of households...

We study a strategic model of community formation on networks. Starting from a seed community member, the process of community formation is sequential, with infinitely-patient and forward-looking agents making strategic offers to their neighbors. Each agent makes an irreversible binary choice,...

We develop a virtual tokamak platform choosing KSTAR tokamak as the target device. The Unity® game engine is employed to visualize the KSTAR main device. It is shown that with a proper reduction of the CAD data, a fast and interactive display of the device can be achieved in personal computer....

This paper uses a dataset from Tanzania with information on consumption, income and income shocks within and across family networks. Crucially and uniquely, it also contains data on the degree of information existing between each pair of households within family networks gCrucially and uniquely,...

Platforms play an essential role in the modern economy. At the same time, algorithms are becoming more widely used for pricing and other business functions. Previous literature examined algorithmic pricing, but not in the context of network effects and platforms. Moreover, platform competition...

Social media platforms have been criticised for their approach in moderating harmful content online and their power over online speech. It has been suggested that one solution could lie in opening platforms to a new layer of services that would provide better content moderation and user...

We study platform competition by modeling the preferences of a "representative buyer" over the services platforms provide and the commodities they intermediate. This captures an intensive margin of buyers' participation which is neglected by the canonical setting and delivers a welfare measure...

We examine tippy network markets that accommodate price discrimination. The analysis shows that when a mild equilibrium refinement, the monotonicity criterion, is adopted, network competition may have a unique subgame-perfect equilibrium regarding the winner’s identity; the prevailing brand...

We consider a dynamic platform competition in a market with network externalities. The incumbent platform enjoys a focal position such that consumers expect other consumers to join it, while the entrant platform may enjoy a quality advantage. We examine the effect of an antitrust policy that...

In this paper, we investigate the role of direct and indirect network effects on mobile money adoption in Burkina Faso. Here, there is (positive) direct network effect if the utility derived from the use of mobile money increases with the number of people using mobile money, and there is...

Problem Definition: Thanks to the ubiquity of social media and the new business model of live-streaming e-commerce, online retailing has recently embraced increasing interactions among customers. Such interactions give rise to strong network effects, i.e., customers are attracted to purchase the...

This article adopts a holistic approach to China’s antitrust strategy towards the platform economy. As enforcers everywhere come to terms with the unique challenges posed by the market power amassed by digital gatekeepers, China’s sudden, fierce attack on its own tech giants has been as...

Competition between firms that sell incompatible varieties of network products might be fierce, because it is important for each of them to attract a large number of users. The literature therefore predicts that stronger network effects decrease prices and profits. We show that this prediction...

Today’s internet is shaped largely by privately operated platforms of various kinds. This paper asks how the various commercially operated communication, market, consump-tion and service platforms can be grasped as a distinct organizational form of enterprise. To this end, we make a basic...

This paper presents some of the key insights from the second wave of the ETUI Internet and Platform Work Survey (ETUI IPWS) conducted in 14 member states of the European Union (EU) in Spring 2021. The use of standard probability sampling allows us to estimate the proportion of internet and...

We study the effects of competition and interoperabilty in platform markets. To do so, we adopt an approach of competition in net fees, which is well-suited to situations where users pay additional charges, after joining, for on-platform interactions. Compared to other approaches, net fees...

In this paper, we examine how the introduction of network externalities impact an open and vertically integrated platform's post-merger contractual relationship with third-party sellers distributing through its marketplace. Regardless of whether the platform uses linear contracts or two-part...

Firms that own platforms often actively manage firms that offer products through the platform (i.e., platform complementors). To manage complementors, platform owners tend to have fewer tools available at their disposal relative to traditional organizations. Prior work has started examining how...

We empirically investigate the relevance of multi-homing in two-sided markets. First, we build a micro-founded structural econometric model that encompasses demand for differentiated products and allows for multi-homing on both sides of themarket. We then use an original dataset on the Italian...

Digital platforms, such as Alibaba and Amazon, operate an online marketplace to facilitate transactions. This paper studies a platform’s business model choice between accepting cash and issuing tokens, as well as the implications for welfare, resiliency, and interoperability. A cash platform...

As courts strive to simultaneously remain self-consistent and adapt to new legal challenges, a complex network of of citations between decided cases is established. Using network science methods to analyze the underlying patterns of citations between cases can help us understand the large-scale...

This article provides a novel explanation for the global intellectual property (IP) paradox, i.e. the consistent growth of the multilateral IP system in spite of mounting evidence that its effects are at best neutral if not disadvantageous for low-income and most middle-income countries and thus...

In recent years, with the development of virtual reality (VR) games and the tremendous progress on computer technologies, such as rendering engines, more and more players and investors have fantasized about the concept of metaverse. First officially mentioned by Neal Stephenson in the novel Snow...

In the context of the actual debate about the necessity of a deep reform of competition law, this thesis pretends to update the concept of platform market dominance. The author held that the traditional theoretical abstract framework used in competition law’s analysis does not fit to platform...

A sporting contest organizer needs to consider the network effect exerted by the present spectators that affects the decision of the athletes decision to participate in the contest. Talented athletes can boost their popularity by winning the contest; this can result in increased attendance at...

The digitization of the economy is transforming not just the internal firms’ operational processes but entire sectors by redefining how firms create and deliver value. This is achieved through new ways of organizing firms’ value chains and interfirm relationships, which now increasingly...

We study competitive behavior in all-pay Tullock (1980) contests with identity-dependent externalities (IDEs) governed by a fixed network. First, we introduce a model of network contest games, in which the prize generates an externality---which may be positive or negative---that impacts each...

In this paper we examine the importance of local spillovers such as network externalities and learning from others in the diffusion of home computers using data on 110,000 U.S. households in 1997. Controlling for many individual characteristics, we find that people are more likely to buy their...

We study the role of social network structure in peer-to-peer educational spillovers by leveraging a two-year field experiment in primary schools in rural Bangladesh. We implement a randomized educational intervention--the provision of free after-school tutoring--offered to a random subsample of...

In this paper, we address how targeting and consumer multi-homing impact platform competition and market equilibria in two-sided markets. We analyze platforms that are financed by both advertising and subscription fees, and let them adopt a targeting technology with increasing performance in...

In a variety of settings, some payoff-relevant item spreads along a network of connected individuals. In some cases, the item will benefit those who receive it (for example, a music download, a stock tip, news about a new research funding source, etc.) while in other cases the impact may be...

This paper develops a model of vertical markets with multiple upstream and downstream firms. Networks of vertical relationships, negotiated contract terms for those relationships, and downstream prices charged to end customers all arise endogenously. In addition, I provide an estimation...

This paper analyzes the generalized quality differentiation model in multi-sided markets with positive externalities, which leads to new insights into the optimal pricing structure of the firm. We find that quality differentiation for users on one side affects not only the side involving...

This paper analyzes the generalized quality differentiation model in multi-sided markets with positive externalities, which leads to new insights into the optimal pricing structure of the firm. We find that quality differentiation for users on one side affects not only the side involving...