This paper outlines the phenomenon of negative first-day IPO returns. Using a comprehensive sample of firms that listed in the USA between 2000 and 2020, we find that 21.61% of all IPO firms have negative first-day returns, making this a common feature of US IPO markets. We identify key...

Using a large sample of 4,892 IPOs in the United States, we establish that the level of social capital in the county of the IPO firm’s headquarters is negatively associated with the level of IPO underpricing. The results hold for a range of robustness tests, including those addressing...

The larger underpricing (15 percent) in the early years following the inauguration of Borsa Istanbul indicates the importance of investors, intermediaries, and firm insiders learning about the trading and pricing of firms in organized stock markets. The underpricing in recent years (from 2010 to...

We analyze the interaction between management and investors during Chinese IPO roadshows through Jaccard Similarity analysis of written Chinese logograms. We provide evidence that when agreement is high, investor optimism increases, leading to relatively large first-day underpricing. We further...

This paper provides an economic model resulting in two distinct marketing strategies available to investment bankers. First, we hypothesize that an increased selling effort by brokers is used most effectively when the investment clientele is uninformed. Second, adjusting the offer price of the...

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of issuing businesses engaging reputed law firms on the extent of underpricing in developing IPO markets. The consequences of involving prestigious lawyers in underpricing IPO businesses are not really understood from a global viewpoint due...

Financial economists have intensely studied IPO underpricing using data from approximately the past four decades. This paper investigates IPO underpricing during the period 1922-1929 (1920s) using hand-collected data on first-day returns, trading volumes, and firm characteristics. Mean...

There is quid pro quo in auctioned IPOs. Using proprietary data on uniform-pricing IPO auctions, we show when the share allocation rule shifted from pro rata to lottery draw, fund families having pre-shift stronger brokerage commission ties with the underwriter submit bids later, place more...

Purpose: We investigate the impact of board diversity on initial public offering underpricing and firm value. Design/methodology/approach: We examine the relationship between board diversity and IPO underpricing by collecting data on the board size and composition of 470 IPOs listed on the Korea...

Using location- and time-specific fine particulate matter pollution (PM2.5) data in Beijing, we document that regulators are more likely to approve IPOs in China on hazy days. Our results are robust to specifications that control for listing firms' characteristics, composition of the IPO review...

This paper examines the impact of economic policy uncertainty on initial public offering (IPO) underpricing, using a large sample of IPO firms in China. We find that heightened economic policy uncertainty leads to increasing IPO underpricing. Our results are robust to a battery of sensitivity...

The number of initial public offerings (IPOs) in the U.S. has been much lower since 2000 than in the prior two decades, although there was a surge in IPO activity in 2021. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has attempted to reduce the regulatory and cost burdens of going public....

The literature on IPO allocations assumes that investors bid their true demand in bookbuilding, or alternatively that all orders are uniformly inflated. We propose a model in which investors face uncertainty with respect to the aftermarket performance of the IPO and the number of shares they...

We provide evidence that anti-collusion leniency legislations around the world reduce IPO underpricing. The effect is amplified (mitigated) among IPOs with more prominent agency concerns (lower level of information asymmetry) and is mitigated in countries with stringent financial reporting...

We study the effect of mutual fund allocation on China’s IPO market under the new registration system. The introduction of mutual fund bids significantly increases IPO offer price, resulting in a low initial short-term return and suppressed IPO underpricing. Those newly listed stocks witness...

We examine how societal secrecy affects the underpricing of initial public offerings (IPOs). Using a large sample of 18,304 IPOs across 38 countries, we find robust evidence that IPO underpricing is positively related to societal secrecy. Additional analyses reveal that investor protection,...

Can specific use of proceeds explain underpricing in the pre- and aftermarket? Exploiting a unique regulatory design, we answer this question by using a sample of 258 Indian initial public offerings (IPOs). We document that specific use of proceeds increases actual voluntary underpricing in the...

The literature on IPO allocations assumes that investors bid their true demand in bookbuilding, or alternatively that all orders are uniformly inflated. We propose a model in which investors face uncertainty with respect to the aftermarket performance of the IPO and the number of shares they...

In response to concerns over the use of book-building as the dominant price-setting mechanisms in IPOs, regulatory bodies in the emerging markets have implemented policies to restrict discretion exercised by underwriters. This study examines the regulatory policy effect on IPO underpricing,...

We study the relation between board gender diversity and initial public offering (IPO) price formation. We find that IPOs experience significantly greater underpricing when the firm’s board has at least one female director, relative to when no women sit on the board. The underpricing effect is...

Initial public offering is an essential milestone for a company. It has been identified that past studies have not captured the time lag between the end date of the subscribing period, the first trading day and account for the opportunity cost of the investors as well as other market changes....

Studying 13,426 IPOs issued in 22 countries between 1998 and 2018, I find robust evidence that greater economic policy uncertainty (EPU) is associated with larger first-day returns. A one standard deviation increase in the EPU index is associated with an additional $1.84 million “left on the...

Studying 12,874 IPOs issued in 35 countries between 1998 and 2018, we find that first-day returns tend to be larger in countries that are more vulnerable to climate change. A one standard deviation increase in a country’s climate vulnerability index is associated with an additional $18.92...

Using a sample of up to 2,503 IPOs in 32 countries in the years 2011-2017, we predict and find that higher levels of country-level accounting enforcement are associated with less underpricing. We show that accounting enforcement matters for the cost of going public: Countries with a relatively...

We document that higher bank debt proportion and shorter bank debt maturity structure reduce IPO underpricing. Attributing this relationship to information asymmetry, evidence shows that the IPO firms with greater bank debt intensity are not inherently different in firm quality as reflected by...

Initial public offerings (IPOs) transform private firms into publicly traded ones, thereby radically improving liquidity of their shares. Better liquidity increases firm value, which we call “liquidity value”. Since investor participation is essential for a successful IPO, we hypothesize...

In this study, we use initial public offerings (IPOs) in China to investigate how online stock forums influence information asymmetry and IPO valuation. The empirical analysis isolates the underpricing and overvaluation components of initial returns. The number of forum comments, postings, and...

This paper analyzes changes in firms' cash flows and discount rates around share repurchase announcements. Both cash flow and discount rate volatility decrease significantly after repurchase announcements. The decrease in volatility is smallest for firms that are likely to be underpriced and...

We find a negative relation between democracy and initial public offering (IPO) underpricing for a sample of 23,050 IPOs across 45 countries. The effect of democracy on underpricing is weaker for IPOs audited by Big 4 auditing firms, backed by venture capital firms, and with better disclosure...

We examine the price discovery process of initial public offerings (IPOs) from the offer price to the first day’s open price. Stock exchanges have made major changes to the IPO preopening process, and introduced an open auction process in which all investors are able to enter orders and...

This study attempts to examine the impact of social media attention and sentiment on IPO pricing. Specifically, by using social media sentiment as a proxy for retail investors’ valuation, I attempt to examine the theoretical predictions in prior studies (Ljungqvist, Nanda and Sigh (2006),...

In the context of China's drive to alleviate poverty, we focus on the initial public offering (IPO) firms located in China's poor counties and investigate their IPO pricing and post-IPO performance. Contrary to the findings reported for the U.S., we find that the problem of information asymmetry...

Previous research suggests that internationalization affects initial public offering (IPO) performance in the short term, but it less is known about the founders' role in the relationship between internationalization and IPO performance. The objectives of this study were to investigate...

One of the IPO-related anomalies that have been well-discussed in the finance literature is the IPO's long-running underperformance. Two of the major explanations of that phenomenon are: "Hot market" and earnings management. This study investigates the relative importance of these two...

Listing markets have different cultural backgrounds and experience different economic development. This study examines the impact of cultural values and the moderating effect of economic growth on IPO underpricing issued by Chinese companies in different stock markets. Using a sample of 2429...

This article aimed to analyse the factors that influence the level of underpricing of an initial public offering (IPO) on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE), based on the example of 101 companies debuting on the main market between 2010 and 2019. We discuss the theories that explain IPO...

We study why capital asset markets in which buyers pay too much, well in excess of the asset’s long-term equilibrium price, could exist. A well-known example is the initial pricing of IPO shares. Two mechanisms that could generate an artificial short-term temporary demand for the asset are...

Using a novel measure of marketing during initial public offering (IPO) roadshows, we find that marketing positively predicts underpricing, price revisions, and post-IPO liquidity, but has little effect on fees. We further show that IPO roadshow duration and marketing intensity have decreased...

This paper attempts to analyse the information content of a qualified audit opinion on the pricing of an IPO. To minimise the effect of selection bias, we match the sample of IPOs with an audit opinion and without, based on their propensity scores. Based on classical underpricing, firms with...

Research Question: This study is a preliminary attempt to investigate the effects of technology and R&D expenditure and the moderating effect of venture capital through the interaction of technology and R&D on the underpricing of IPOs in China’s A-share market. Motivation: The role of...

We examine the impact of internationalization on IPO underpricing in China. Our findings, which suggest that internationalization can reduce IPO underpricing, echoes similar findings in the literature. However, we document that the transmission channel is not consistent with a diversification...