We study how the demand for programming skills has impacted inequality. We create a new dataset with information on wages, employment, and software of Brazilian programmers, covering the period from the birth of information technology (IT) to the rise of artificial intelligence (AI)....

This study investigates the effects of sponsorship-based funding on open-source software contributors within a knowledge-sharing ecosystem. Specifically, we examine the influence of sponsorship on contributors' activities on the host platform, where funding is received, as well as on a...

The rise in cyberattacks over the past two decades spurred interest in policies improving cybersecurity. One focus of that research is how to create incentives for software vendors to release updates fixing vulnerabilities in their software. An important consideration that has received far less...

I analyse US Big Tech strategies to dominate frontier artificial intelligence (AI) by quantitatively and qualitatively comparing how they manage knowledge in their respective AI corporate innovation system (CIS). I propose “frenemies” to describe Microsoft’s strategy because many Chinese...

Stability and Understandability are two important aspects of software architecture quality measurement. Stability refers to the degree to which software architecture is resistant to change. A stable architecture is one that can accommodate changes with minimal impact on the overall system. In...

Process optimization is of paramount importance for small software firms to achieve enhanced efficiency, productivity, and competitiveness. This abstract provides a concise overview of the concept of process optimization in small software firms. It highlights the challenges faced by these...

Large platforms are often accused of refusing to serve (or discriminating against) competing sellers in adjacent product markets. Antitrust law labels such activity a unilateral “refusal to deal” (RTD) and evaluates it under a predation-like framework shaped by the two leading RTD cases,...

This paper performs a forensic analysis of Microsoft Corporation’s transfer pricing cost sharing arrangement based on forensic economic analysis of public and information, including Microsoft’s SEC and foreign country regulatory filings, documents disclosed during a recent federal court...

This case examines the accounting for Microsoft's $27 billion acquisition of LinkedIn in 2016. At that date, LinkedIn's shareholder equity was about $5 billion. The case illustrates how, under GAAP, recorded assets are substantially revalued at the date of acquisition. It also illustrates two...

Private equity (PE) firms increasingly drift toward investing in software companies. In this paper, we empirically examine this trend and compare software drifts to general style drifts. We use an unbalanced panel of more than 7,000 PE firms that made investments between 1985 and 2020. Our...

The U.S. federal government has brought major antitrust cases against Microsoft and Google. Regulators likely don’t expect to win either case outright, but the government doesn’t need to win these cases for them to have an impact. For one, an aggressive litigation strategy can provide a...

Smart supply chain is a must, not a choice, in the age of Industry 4.0 to meet global demands. This paper attempts to classify how Artificial Intelligence (AI) contributes to smart supply chain organization by systematically reviewing the existing literature. The article focuses on addressing...

Modern software development involves collaborative efforts and re-use of existing software packages and libraries, to reduce the cost of developing new software. However, package dependencies expose developers to the risk of contagion from bugs or other vulnerabilities. We study the formation of...

The World Economic Forum held in Davos, Switzerland in January this year raised a global issue by suggesting a new subject, “Mastering of the Fourth Industrial Revolution”. Compared to the previous subjects which were general economic issues such as low economic growth rate, interregional...

Free Open-Source Software (FOSS) is essentially seen by many organizations as a key pillar for accelerating technological innovation. This study aims to evaluate the extent to which factors such as cost and quality of the system, as well as usability, interoperability, and security, influence...

The United States Department of Justice (“DOJ”) and three overlapping groups of states have filed federal antitrust cases alleging Google has monopolized internet search, search advertising, internet advertising technologies, and app distribution on Android phones. In this Article, we focus...

Purpose Although Public Research Institutions (PRIs) are large technology producers, they lack automated information tools that follow technical and scientific criteria for assessing and valuing patents. The assessment and valuation processes are stages of technology transfer (TT) that make it...

Globalization has led to the decentralization of research and development (R&D) activities by multinational enterprises (MNEs). Investment in these activities is affected by both the host-country environment and the investment strategies of the entrant MNEs. Using data on greenfield R&D...

Software companies have steadily become key pillars of the digital economy, representing upwards of 12 percent of U.S. market capitalization. A simple buy-and-hold strategy of pure-play software companies over the past three decades produced annual alphas of over 7.1 percent. We document that...

The world is witnessing a pandemic of a severe infectious nature known as COVID-19. Many countries have used partial or complete lockdown to slow the spread of the virus, which has devastated the economies all over the world, and made hundreds of millions of people unemployed overnight. The...

The non-literal scope of protection for software is intricate legally and is intricate technical. Thus, despite literally decades of court decisions and a mountain of legal scholar written on the subject in that time, it appears that there is still no consistent agreement about it, as evidenced...

This study provides that copyright exhaustion serves an important social function of reducing the cost of information costs. Without it, buyers will be required to waste time and resources inquiring about their ability to resell copyrighted work. Because resale rights are generally regarded as...

Background: Cryptocurrencies are highly valued without understanding the health of the underlying ecosystems. Previous work shows factors which determinate the exchange rate. However, the technological determinants show decreasing significance. Objective: This paper explores whether the...

As part of software ecosystem governance, partner management concerns the use of partner capabilities to meet customer demand. However, orchestrators of ecosystems may fail in governing partners, as they have little insight in the governance tools available to them. This research investigates...

"Team temporal leadership" orients teams toward managing the time-related aspects of their work. We examined how perceived time pressure affects team processes and subsequent performance under weak versus strong team temporal leadership. Results of a field study of 111 project teams show that...

The video game industry is larger than the movie, book, and music markets combined, bringing in $180 billion in revenue annually. The game industry features a number of product markets, from the video games themselves, to competitive game tournaments, to merchandise based on players’ favorite...

Background: Due to the Covid 19 pandemic, in many countries, higher, secondary and even primary education experienced the unannounced shift from traditional classroom lessons to distance teaching using different technologies. Objectives: The main objective of the research was to identify the...

U.S. v. Microsoft and the related state suit filed in 1998 appear finally to have concluded. In a unanimous en banc decision issued in late June 2004, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals rejected challenges to the remedies approved by the District Court in November 2002. The wave of follow-on...

The spectacular growth of the software industry in some non-G7 economies has aroused both interest and concern. This paper addresses two sets of inter-related issues. First, we explore the determinants of these successful stories. We then touch upon the broader question of what lessons, if any,...

U.S. v. Microsoft and the related state suit filed in 1998 appear to have concluded. In a unanimous en banc decision issued in late June 2004, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals rejected challenges to the remedies specified in a settlement reached in late 2001 and approved by the District Court...