Over the past few years it has become increasingly clear that the physical consequences of climate change and the transition to a carbon-neutral economy are posing risks to companies and must be managed accordingly. At the same time, around half a million sites belonging to companies and other...

This research aims to examine the impact of ISO 9001 factors on knowledge acquisition and knowledge dissemination to determine the key success elements for organizations. A questionnaire survey method is employed to identify and analyze the relationship between knowledge acquisition, knowledge...

This publication brings together the results of a call for papers on monitoring and evaluating career guidance systems and services, adopting the perspective of career development support to careers and learning. Experts were invited to provide insights into the current situation, with a focus...

Environmental problem has become a popular research area. Efforts are being made at an international level for creating a sustainable environment. Hospitality industry is considered to be one of the main industries of a country. It makes contributions in the development of sustainable...

The literature on quality-management standards has generally focused on the drivers, motivations, and performance effects of adopting such standards. Yet the last decade has witnessed a substantial degree of decertification behavior, as organizations have increasingly decided to voluntarily...

Firms use a variety of practices to disclose the knowledge generated by their R&D activities, including, but not limited to, publishing findings in scientific journals, patenting new technologies, and contributing to developing standards. While the individual effects of engaging in the listed...

This article empirically explores standard-setting organizations' policy orientations toward technology developers. We find that standards are associated with a larger number of firms declaring to own essential patent that are required for implementing the standards as the issuing SSOs' policies...

No matter how good a smart device may be, it remains useless outside the context of a digital ecosystem. Internet of Things (IoT) environments are possible as long as services and products can interconnect smoothly and exchange data in real time. Therefore, interoperability ranks high in global...

Technology standards such as the Wi-Fi or 5G mobile communication standard rely on standard-essential patents (SEPs). Increasing licensing revenues and several disputes between owners and users of SEPs raise the question about the patenting behavior of firms developing standardized technologies....

This paper is a submission of evidence aimed at she light on some issues related to the Standard Essential Patents (SEP) ecosystem and to provide workable solutions. SEP are patents that protects technologies that are essential to implementing a standard (e.g. 5G, Bluetooth, etc.).Between...

The global litigation of standard essential patents (SEP) is taking a new turn with the jurisdictional battle between national courts. Some courts have started issuing anti-suit injunctions (ASI) to prohibit parallel litigation and consolidate the dispute at a single venue, while others have...

The tradeoff between bright-line rules and general standards is one of the bedrocks of law design. This tradeoff determines how legal norms are composed. The tradeoff between rules and standards pervasively affects private ordering as well: it determines how contractual norms are composed. Yet,...

By analyzing production with a continuum of tasks subject to common stochastic effects, the analysis shows that tension between business commonality and standardization is an important source of product cycles. The paper addresses the question of whether business commonality and standardization...

This paper studies the consistency between two contradictory policies in the electricity industry. On the one hand, electricity systems are increasingly interconnected. On the other hand, reliability standards, whose value was typically set when countries were hardly interconnected, are still...

Traditionally, SDO-based open standardisation and open source standards have been used in different sectors: the (mostly) hardware-based telecommunications industry and the software-based IT industry, respectively. However, the increasing interdependencies within the ICT sector - notably those...

The effects of households' indebtedness on their house selling decisions, the implications of these decisions for default and the effects of policies intended to reduce the incentive to default are studied in a dynamic model with search in the housing market and defaultable long-term mortgages....

A sizeable literature analyzes the appropriate interpretation of FRAND commitments for standard-essential patents. With few exceptions, the literature disregards international dimensions, despitethe fact that most standards are used in international markets. This paper uses a simple...

This study suggests who is leading the ecosystem of China's 5G industry through analysis of the association standard network. Our study finds that the Chinese government think tank is in the most important position in the related network. Our study also suggests that it is important to monitor...

The global litigation of standard essential patents (SEP) is taking a new turn with the jurisdictional battle between national courts. Some courts have started issuing anti-suit injunctions (ASI) to prohibit parallel litigation and consolidate the dispute at a single venue, while others have...

A standard essential patent is a patent that is unavoidable to be used when a product or service conforms to a technical standard. Many of standard-setting organizations (SSOs) have their respective patent policies on how to handle SEPs. The patent policy generally requires the SSO members who...

Millions of companies around the world have adopted management system standards to both convey superior operational performance and to improve their operations. Yet because these standards impose requirements on operational processes and procedures, it is largely unknown whether adopting these...

Introduction: E-cigarette taxes have been enacted by 30 states through April 2020. E-cigarette tax schema vary, in contrast to cigarette taxes in the United States that are levied almost exclusively as excise taxes per pack. Some states use excise taxes on liquid and containers, others ad...

Organizations have not fully realized the benefits of interorganizational relationships (IORs) due to the lack of cross-enterprise process integration capabilities. Recently, interorganizational business process standards (IBPS) enabled by information technology (IT) have been suggested as a...

Generally, the benefit corporation statutes require a corporation’s charter to state that it is obligated to pursue a general public benefit that will create a positive impact on society and the environment as a whole, to be assessed against a third-party standard. The benefit corporation is...

The aim of this opinion is to provide an analysis of the current status and nature of harmonised standards within the EU legal system in light of the legislative and judicial developments in the last years. Firstly, it examines the nature of the process of European standardisation and of...

The paper deals with the analysis of the methodology of selecting tests applied during passing of standards of the All-Russian Physical Culture and Sports Complex "Ready for Labor and Defense" (TRP) to participate in the passing of GTO standards by Russian students 16-18 years. During the...

I review alternative normative and descriptive theories of legal standards of proof, as well as empirical evidence on how ordinary citizens interpret and apply these standards. Among the approaches I survey are decision theoretic accounts, the story model, constraint satisfaction models, the...

The innovation of electric motorcycle swap-battery (EMSB) technology encourages the formation of a new ecosystem at the early stage of the supply chain. The EMSB technology has allowed an open innovation system with collaboration between supply-chain players, universities, and the government for...

Viele Unternehmen experimentieren mit Agilität. Gleichzeitig ist die Unsicherheit groß, wieviel Agilität ein QM-System nach ISO 9001 tatsächlich verträgt. Ein gemeinsames Forschungsprojekt der Hochschule Hannover und der DGQ hat sich zum Ziel gesetzt, hier mehr Sicherheit zu geben. Aus...

Eine nachhaltige Berichterstattung wird für mittelständische Unternehmen immer wichtiger, da immer mehr Investoren auf die Einhaltung von Nachhaltigkeitskriterien achten. Um die Anforderungen einer nachhaltigen Berichterstattung zu erfüllen, sind sowohl der Deutsche Nachhaltigkeitskodex als...

We propose a theory of international agreements on product standards. The key feature of the model is that agreements are viewed as incomplete contracts. In particular, these do not specify standards for products that may arise in the future. One potential remedy to contractual incompleteness is...

The markets in which organizations currently operate require them to use behaviour based on both exploitation strategy and exploration strategy, each of which contributes fundamental benefits for the firm’s success. Exploitation strategy attempts to obtain the maximum advantage from existing...

On 17 March 2021, the European Commission put forward its Proposal for a Regulation on Digital Green Certificates, which would facilitate European Union (EU) cross-border movement during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Regulation on the EU Digital COVID Certificate was adopted on 14 June 2021 and it...

This dissertation first discusses industry standards, defined as any set of technical specifications providing for products’ interoperability. Standards are adopted by standard-setting organizations (i.e. SSOs), gathering market players, competitors included. To respect Article 101 TFEU, the...

We study the optimal level of commonality of accounting standards when firms' investments exhibit beauty-contest features as in, e.g., Arya and Mittendorf (2016). We model more commonality of accounting standards as more correlated noises in firms' reports, consistent with the "more harmonized"...

The purpose of this study is to empirically examine the relations between audit outcomes and accounting standard design (principles-based vs. rules-based) for US firms. Considering that audit outcomes may vary with audit risk, which may differ under different accounting standards, we examine and...

Standards and technical regulations which govern the admissibility of imported goods into an economy raise costs of exporters entering new markets, and may have a particularly high impact on firms seeking to export from developing countries. Yet standards may also have a positive side, such as...