This paper models the dynamics of Chinese yuan (CNY)-denominated long-term interest rate swap yields. The financial sector plays a vital role in the Chinese economy, which has grown rapidly in the past several decades. Going forward, interest rate swaps are likely to have an important role in...

In this paper, we propose a new exogenous model to address the problem of negative interest rates that preserves the analytical tractability of the original Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) model with a perfect fit to the observed term-structure. We use the difference between two independent CIR...

This paper econometrically models the dynamics of the Chilean interbank swap yields based on macroeconomic factors. It examines whether the month-over-month change in the short-term interest rate has a decisive influence on the long-term swap yield after controlling for other factors, such as...

The paper models and analyses the dynamics of credit spread curves based on ratings over the period from 2004 to 2021. Using more than 1.5 million data points of individual bonds, instead of using index data, monthly asset swap spread (ASW) curves are constructed for all rating levels. The paper...

John Maynard Keynes (1930) asserted that the central bank sways the long-term interest rate through the influence of its policy rate on the short-term interest rate. Recent empirical research shows that Keynes's conjecture holds for long-term Treasury yields in the United States. This paper...

Using Credit Default Swap spreads, we construct a forward-looking, market-implied carbon risk factor and show that carbon risk affects firms' credit spread. The effect is larger for European than North American firms and varies substantially across industries, suggesting the market recognises...

John Maynard Keynes argued that the central bank influences the long-term interest rate through the effect of its policy rate on the short-term interest rate. However, Keynes's claim was confined to the behavior of the long-term government bond yield. This paper investigates whether Keynes's...

With the current advances in aircraft design and Lithium-Ion batteries, electric aircraft are expected to serve as a replacement for conventional, short-range aircraft. This paper addresses the main operational challenges for short-range flights operated with electric aircraft: determining the...

The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on inflation-adjusted bonds, swaps, and derivatives. The methodology for valuation and risk management of these securities is an application of the foreign currency extension of a standard HJM term structure model. The two “currencies” in...

Impermanent Loss, the discrepancy between the payoff of liquidity provision versus buy and hold, is sometimes referred to as the ’silent killer’ in Decentralized Finance. We describe how Impermanent Loss can be hedged in a Constant Function Market, both statically as well as dynamically. If...

In 1987, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) began analyzing whether swaps were futures under the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA). If yes, over-the-counter (OTC) swaps would violate the CEA’s exchange trading requirement. Rather than address this in a proposed rulemaking, the CFTC...

In 1987, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) began analyzing whether swaps were futures under the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA). If yes, over-the-counter (OTC) swaps would violate the CEA’s exchange trading requirement. Rather than address this in a proposed rulemaking, the CFTC...

As the Global Financial Crisis spread, liquidity strains appeared in Norwegian money markets, limiting banks from accessing high-quality and long-term financing. In response, on October 24, 2008, the Norwegian government authorized a Norwegian krone (NOK) 350 billion (USD 50 billion) covered...

Building on the facility design and application experience from the global financial crisis, in March 2020 the Federal Reserve eased the terms on its standing swap lines in collaboration with other central banks, reactivated temporary swap agreements, and introduced the new Foreign and...

Bitcoin introduces a new type of digital currency that does not rely on a central system to process and maintain transactions. Benefiting from the concept of a decentralized ledger, users who do not know or trust each other can still conduct transactions in a peer-to-peer manner. Recently,...

In the first part of this chapter, we explain the main characteristics of foreign exchange (FX) swap and cross-currency swap contracts. We emphasize the importance of the valuation adjustment (XVA) approach and then map the FX swap market in terms of currencies, parties, maturities, and size....

Cash-settled swaptions with collateral discounting are impacted by the Swap Rate fallback mechanisms decided by working groups/ISDA. The legacy vanilla swaptions are becoming exotic products, as the mechanism is based on a non-linear transformation of the OIS swap rate, and generate convexity...

We investigate how no-arbitrage conditions from finance impact the applicability of conventional distributed-computing tools in DeFi. Many synchronization proto- cols resemble derivative structures and are therefore priceable using standard tech- niques. By applying these techniques to stylized...

Hybrid equity-rate derivatives are commonly traded between financial institutions, but are challenging to price with traditional methods. Especially challenging are those contracts which involve an explicit interest rate (fixing) dependence in the cashflows, which stretches typical...

In electronic rates markets accuracy and low latency are threshold requirements that can be a barrier to market entry as they are essential to survive and compete. In this paper we outline how to achieve high performance by reducing swap pricing and risk calculations into trivial vector and...

As one of the most important financial innovations in the last two decades, credit default swap (CDS) contracts have been initiated and actively traded in the market to hedge against credit risks. However, little is known about how these financial innovations affect an underlying firm’s...

This paper econometrically models the dynamics of the Chilean interbank swap yields based on macroeconomic factors. It examines whether the month-over-month change in the short-term interest rate has a decisive influence on the long-term swap yield after controlling for other factors, such as...

We present Algorithmic Adjoint Differentiation (AAD), also known as Automatic Adjoint Differentiation, which computes the derivative(s) of computer code. In finance this leads to a relatively new and novel approach, pioneered by (Giles and Glasserman, 2006), to compute financial risks. When...

Using transaction level data from the inter-dealer market, we find that the price impact of one standard deviation change in FX swap order flow has increased from less than one basis point prior to 2008 to about five basis points after 2008. However, the increase in price impact is confined to...

This working paper was written by Patrick Augustin (McGill University and Canadian Derivatives Institute), Mikhail Chernov (University of California Los Angeles, NBER and CEPR), Lukas Schmid (University of Southern California and CEPR) and Dongho Song (Johns Hopkins University).We show...

This working paper was written by Paul D. McNelis (Fordham University).This paper assesses sources of contagion emanating from both within the Hong Kong banking sector as well as from external sources. For robustness, the paper uses alternative measures of contagion, one based on Forecast Error...

Archegos Capital Management, at its height, had $20 billion in assets. But in the spring of 2021, in part through its use of total return swaps, Archegos sparked a $30 billion dollar sell-off that left many of the world’s largest banks footing the bill. Mitsubishi UFJ Group estimated a loss of...

The Securities and Exchange Commission has put forward for public comment that would mandate immediate disclosure of the acquisition of any equity swap position with a dollar value exceeding $300 million. This paper examines the proposal. I first show that the proposed rule would impose a...

In this paper we investigate the price, volatility and micro-level effects of central bank swap lines during the 2020 pandemic. These policies lowered the ceiling on covered interest rate parity violations and reduced volatility following settlement of swap line auctions. We then combine...

Credit default swaps (CDS) are the most common type of credit derivative. This paper provides a brief history of the CDS market and discusses its main characteristics. After describing the basic mechanics of a CDS, I present a simple valuation framework that focuses on the relationship between...

We examine the effect of credit default swaps (CDS) trading on debt specialization. We argue that reference firms in CDS contracts exhibit higher debt concentration in comparison to firms that do not have CDS traded on them as a way to minimize creditor conflicts and costs in bankruptcy. Our...