An impressive series of scandals and market crashes, including FTX, Celsius and Voyager, have shown the weaknesses of crypto-economy’s market infrastructures. Crypto-trading platforms have become dominant financial institutions, acting as trading venues, broker-dealers, and lenders at the same...

Although anthropologists along with historians and academic circles point to no ethnographic evidence to confirm or deny the existence of barter among the prehistoric people in the new Stone Age (the Neolithic epoch during 9000-6000 BC.), the 18th-century Scottish philosopher Adam Smith believed...

We investigate consequences of ambiguity on efficient allocations in an exchange economy. Ambiguity is embodied in the model uncertainty perceived by the consumers: they are unsure what would be the appropriate probability measure to apply to evaluate consumption and keep in consideration a set...

Patients requiring kidney transplant may have proxy donors: people who want to donate a kidney to the patient, but cannot due to medical incompatibility. However, patients can swap proxy donors, so that each swapping patient ends up with a compatible donor. Some patients, called overloaded, have...

We investigate consequences of ambiguity on efficient allocations in an exchange economy. Ambiguity is embodied in the model uncertainty perceived by the consumers: they are unsure what would be the appropriate probability measure to apply to evaluate consumption and keep in consideration a set...

Most organ exchanges conducted in the real world deal with the same organ. Donors participating in an organ exchange are generally in good health and can thus donate any organ they are able to. However, an organ exchange, in which each pair of donors donates a different organ, may increase the...

Cross-border payments can be slow, expensive, and risky. They are intermediated by counterparties in different jurisdictions which rely on costly trusted relationships to offset the lack of a common settlement asset as well as common rules and governance. In this paper, we present a vision for a...

Modern exchange theories model a large market, but do not explain single exchanges. This paper considers the phenomenon of single exchange and formulates the general exchange problem in the form of a system of two equations, subjective and objective. Subjective equilibrium is given by the...

For an incompatible patient-donor pair, kidney exchanges often forbid receipt-before-donation (the patient receives a kidney before the donor donates) and donation-before-receipt, causing a double-coincidence-of-wants problem. Our proposed algorithm, the Unpaired kidney exchange algorithm, uses...

Commercial transactions are complex. More complex are the price–setting negotiations. In a commercial world cross-supplies are not uncommon and equally common is the trend of price adjustment wherein one lump-sum price is agreed as a final measure after offsetting different price components...

We investigate consequences of ambiguity on efficient allocations in an exchange economy. Ambiguity is embodied in the model uncertainty perceived by the consumers: they are unsure what would be the appropriate probability measure to apply to evaluate consumption and keep in consideration a set...

The literature has shown that complementarity places significant structure on outcomes in matching environments, games, and exchange economies. We examine the extent to which this structure, and the economic intuition underlying it, is common across these classes of environments. We show that...

Cross-border payments can be slow, expensive, and risky. They are intermediated by counterparties in different jurisdictions which rely on costly trusted relationships to offset the lack of a common settlement asset as well as common rules and governance. In this paper, we present a vision for a...

In 56 developing and developed countries, blood component donations by volunteer non-remunerated donors can only meet less than 50% of the demand. In these countries, blood banks rely heavily on replacement donor programs that provide blood to patients in return for donations made by their close...

"What is measured by the amount of money?" this question is applicable to all kinds of money at all times. The answer can be the key to understanding money. The article offers an answer to this question. The paper considers the phenomenon of simple exchange and formulates the general exchange...

In connection with an earlier paper on the exchange of live donor kidneys (Roth, Sonmez, and Unver 2004) the authors entered into discussions with New England transplant surgeons and their colleagues in the transplant community, aimed at implementing a Kidney Exchange program. In the course of...

Recording industry revenue has fallen sharply in the last three years, and some -- but not all -- observers attribute this to file sharing. We collect new data on albums obtained via purchase and downloading, as well as the consumers' valuations of these albums, among a sample of US college...

Fiat money requires no backing to be accepted at a uniquely determined positive value. I show this using an equilibrium model with realistic frictions and rational households allowed to freely interact in a competitive environment. The model portrays a modern 'cashless' economy relying on...

The success of alternative payment systems has led to discussion of various proposals to replace money with a new technology-based system, though many lack a clear idea of what exactly is the “money” they seek to replace. We begin by presenting the explanation of money’s role in the...

Patients needing kidney transplants may have willing donors who cannot donate to them because of blood or tissue incompatibility. Incompatible patient-donor pairs can exchange donor kidneys with other such pairs. The situation facing such pairs resembles models of the "double coincidence of...

Despite blockchain based cryptoassets trading since 2009, there has been a functional gap between on-chain transactions and trust based centralized exchanges. Uniswap, a decentralized exchange, bridges this gap. Uniswap’s constant product automated market maker enables the trading of...

Most transplanted kidneys are from cadavers, but there are also substantial numbers of transplants from live donors. Recently, there have started to be kidney exchanges involving two donor-patient pairs such that each donor cannot give a kidney to the intended recipient because of immunological...