This paper estimates rates of return on wealth across gross wealth groups by matching individual-level survey data with macroeconomic return data for Germany. Using machine learning for more detailed financial asset categories, we find that the average nominal rate of return on gross assets for...

The increasing concentration of income and wealth on the national and international level is a topic that has received increased attention both in social science research as well as public policy debates. While data availability is a well-known and often-lamented problem in wealth studies,...

Will ageing societies in Europe lead to a new savings glut? To address this potential consequence of demographic change, we assess the relationship between population ageing and safe assets in the euro area, using data from the Eurosystem's Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS). Our...

Asset accumulation in later life is a pressing issue in Japan due to the growing gap between life expectancy (87.14 years for women, 81.09 years for men in 2023) and the retirement age (65 or less). This gap heightens financial insecurity, emphasizing the need to meet asset goals by 65....

In this paper, we study the role of wealth transfers in shaping homeownership in Malta. Leveraging data from four waves of the Maltese Household Finance and Consumption Survey, we perform a logistic regression to investigate how financial inflows in the form of gifts or inheritances, affect (i)...

The total wealth of Britain's households in 2018 to 2020 was approximately £2.2 trillion less than was previously believed - a 14% reduction. That, at least, is the implication of a recent change in methodology made by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) to the UK's leading official...

The current system of private pension savings in the UK is based on employers choosing a workplace pension provider, to which contributions from the employee and employer are sent, and which invests the contributions on behalf of the employee. This means that when an individual leaves their...

This report examines ethnic differences in pension participation in the UK following the nationwide roll-out of automatic enrolment, the drivers of those gaps, and the consequences for wealth accumulation. It draws on an academic research paper (Cribb, O'Brien and Sturrock, 2025) published...

This report describes patterns of co-residence of young adults at a parental home in the United Kingdom. We show how the rate of co-residence varies across dimensions such as income, region and ethnicity. We show how it has changed in recent years and discuss potential drivers of the rise...

Accurate and comprehensive measurement of household livelihoods is critical for monitoring progress toward poverty alleviation and targeting social assistance programs for those who most need it. However, the high cost of traditional data collection has historically made comprehensive...

Do older workers change their labor supply in response to unexpected housing wealth losses (or gains)? Housing wealth is the largest component in most older Americans' portfolios, and they may seek to recoup losses by working longer to help smooth consumption in retirement. Despite its...

In this report, we consider policies to help people appropriately manage their defined contribution (DC) pension wealth through later life. We draw on evidence in a report published alongside this one (Boileau, Cribb and Emmerson, 2025), which sets out key information on the landscape in which...

This report is one of two reports on the management of pension wealth in retirement conducted as part of the Pensions Review, led by the Institute for Fiscal Studies in partnership with the abrdn Financial Fairness Trust. In this report, we examine the decisions that older individuals face as...

Estimates of social insurance pension wealth are available for a number of Western economies, including Austria for the year 2017. Such wealth may be compared with conventional wealth in terms of size and distribution and when we add such estimates to measures of wealth in the conventional...

Investors appear to regularly fail to make adequate investment decisions in the context of financial provision because of both economic and psychological irrationality. However, despite an economic urgency to make appropriate investment decisions for a secure financial future, people tend to...

Die Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende nach SGB II sichert mit dem Bürgergeld das Existenzminimum von Erwerbsfähigen und ihren Angehörigen. Die Leistungen werden gewährt, wenn der Lebensunterhalt nicht vollständig aus dem eigenen Einkommen und Vermögen oder den Mitteln der Angehörigen in...

Die Grundsicherung für Arbeitsuchende nach SGB II sichert mit dem Bürgergeld das Existenzminimum von Erwerbsfähigen und ihren Angehörigen. Die Leistungen werden gewährt, wenn der Lebensunterhalt nicht vollständig aus dem eigenen Einkommen und Vermögen oder den Mitteln der Angehörigen in...

U.S. equity outperformance and sustained dollar appreciation have led to large valuation gains for the rest of the world on the U.S. external position. I construct their global distribution, carefully accounting for the role of tax havens. Valuation gains are concentrated and large in developed...

Monetary policy can have contrasting effects on economic inequality via distinct channels. We examine the effect working via the credit channel, whereby monetary policy induces heterogeneous access to credit for business owners based on their wealth. Using unique data on business loan...

Der vorliegende internationale Gerechtigkeitsindex zeigt, dass Deutschland trotz wirtschaftlicher Krisen, unkontrollierter Zuwanderung, demografischem Wandel sowie der Transformation der Wirtschaft durch Digitalisierung, Dekarbonisierung und Deglobalisierung im internationalen Vergleich kein...

Die vorliegende Studie von Prof. Dr. Gerhard Kraft untersucht das Rechtsinstitut der Familienstiftung in seiner zivilrechtlichen, steuerrechtlichen und wirtschaftlichen Dimension. Entgegen verbreiteter Fehlvorstellungen wird herausgearbeitet, dass die Familienstiftung kein Steuersparmodell...

We study international migration responses of the super-rich to taxes using UK administrative data and a difference-in-differences design. We exploit a reform that removes access to a tax break on foreign income for foreigners based on their number of years in the UK, allowing us to compare...

We embed an experiment in a large-scale representative survey to investigate how relative wealth affects risk-taking and how this effect varies as a function of perceived control over life outcomes. Our results contest the common prediction of higher risk-taking in the middle of the...

Two mechanisms have been proposed to explain sex selection in India: son preference in which parents desire a male heir and daughter aversion in which dowry payments make parents worse off with girls. Our model incorporates both mechanisms, providing micro-foundations, based on the organization...

This study investigates the key drivers behind the wealth accumulation of America's 100 richest self-made billionaires, using data from the Forbes 400 list. Focusing on five individual and contextual factors - education, innovation, networks, inheritance, and geographic origins - the research...

Der vorliegende internationale Gerechtigkeitsindex zeigt, dass Deutschland trotz wirtschaftlicher Krisen, unkontrollierter Zuwanderung, demografischem Wandel sowie der Transformation der Wirtschaft durch Digitalisierung, Dekarbonisierung und Deglobalisierung im internationalen Vergleich kein...

Die vorliegende Studie von Prof. Dr. Gerhard Kraft untersucht das Rechtsinstitut der Familienstiftung in seiner zivilrechtlichen, steuerrechtlichen und wirtschaftlichen Dimension. Entgegen verbreiteter Fehlvorstellungen wird herausgearbeitet, dass die Familienstiftung kein Steuersparmodell...

In this study, Prof. Dr. Gerhard Kraft examines family foundations from a civil law, tax law and economic perspective. The author dispels widespread misconceptions about this legal institution, demonstrating that it is not merely a tax planning device, but rather a complex instrument that can be...