This study examines the effect of the investment portfolio structure on insurers' solvency, as measured by the Solvency Capital Requirement ratio. An empirical sample of 88 EU-based insurance groups was analyzed to provide robust evidence of the portfolio's impact on the Solvency Capital...

Entities like centralized cryptocurrency exchanges fall under the business category of virtual asset service providers (VASPs). As any other enterprise, they can become insolvent. VASPs enable the exchange, custody, and transfer of cryptoassets organized in wallets across distributed ledger...

In this article, we investigate the validity of diversification effect under extreme-value copulas, when the marginal risks of the portfolio are identically distributed, which can be any one having a finite endpoint or belonging to one of the three maximum domains of attraction. We show that...

Most insurers in the European Union determine their regulatory capital requirements based on the standard formula of Solvency II. However, there is evidence that the standard formula inaccurately reflects insurers’ risk situation and may provide misleading steering incentives. In the second...

The capital requirements of Solvency II allow insurers to make discretionary choices. Besides extensive possibilities regarding the choice of a risk model (ranging between a regulatory prescribed standard formula to a full self-developed internal model), insurers can make use of transitional...

European insurers are allowed to make discretionary decisions in the calculation of Solvency II capital requirements. These choices include the design of risk models (ranging from a standard formula to a full internal model) and the use of long-term guarantees measures. This article examines the...

In recent times, practitioners have engaged in discussions about potential revisions to the calculation of the Solvency II risk margin (RM). This issue has been highlighted in reports by the British Treasury Committee BTC (October 2017) and the Actuarial Association of Europe AAE (December...

Successive crises in the early twenty-first century prompted regulators around the world to ask financial institutions to implement a series of regulations. These measures aimed to increase transparency, improve consumer and investor protection, restructure financial capital, stabilize insurance...

Sozial verantwortliches Investieren (Socially Responsible Investing, SRI) gewinnt an den Finanzmärkten aus verschiedenen Gründen zunehmend an Bedeutung, beispielsweise aufgrund der sich abzeichnenden Auswirkungen des Klimawandels oder des Strebens nach einer Netto-Null-Wirtschaft. Bestehende...

We analyse four stochastic claims reserving methods in terms of their capability to estimate reserve risk and how successful they are at predicting distributions and VaRs of claim developments in particular. Both actual data and hypothetical claim triangles support our results. The...

Directive 2009/138/EC, best known as Solvency II Directive, is more than a directive that simply regulates the supervision and the taking-up and pursuit of (re)insurance business in the EU. First and foremost, it introduces a new perspective on the role of (re)insurance undertakings towards risk...

Stop-loss reinsurance is a risk management tool that allows an insurance company to transfer part of their risk to a reinsurance company. Ruin probabilities allow us to measure the effect of stop-loss reinsurance on the solvency of the primary insurer. They further permit the calculation of the...

The review of the Solvency II framework is the biggest and most important regulatory change of the EU insurance regulation since 2014. It tackles both level 1 and level 2 regulations. It has been long awaited and was significantly delayed because of the pandemic. Ultimately, the European...

This paper examines dependency among stock returns, the line of business in the non-life insurance industry and solvency II margin capital requirements. It is too early to find general insurers being listed in NSE. Investors' reaction to the dependence between lines of non-life business is...

This paper is a piece for contributing to the sustainable European stake in order to interlock financial systems with the objectives of the 2030 Agenda (the UN’s SDGs). It is intended to be used as a platform for discussion between risk management practitioners in the financial industry and...

The core business of (re)insurance undertakings is to pool funds from policyholders and channel them to financial markets. In this context, the assessment of the financial condition and the overall solvency of these undertakings is directly associated with the level of assets held to fulfil...

Socially responsible investing (SRI) continues to gain momentum in the financial market space for various reasons, starting with the looming effect of climate change and the drive toward a net-zero economy. Existing SRI approaches have included environmental, social, and governance (ESG)...

Socially responsible investing (SRI) continues to gain momentum in the financial market space for various reasons, starting with the looming effect of climate change and the drive toward a net-zero economy. Existing SRI approaches have included environmental, social, and governance (ESG)...

The U.K. financial sector is globally systemic, open, and complex. It has weathered the COVID-19 pandemic fittingly, thanks to the post-GFC reforms, a proactive macroprudential stance, and an effective multipronged response to maintain financial stability. Brexit uncertainties are being handled...

Introduction -- Theoretical Background And State Of Research -- Sfcr Content Analysis: Structural Changes Due To Brexit -- Event Study: Impact Of Brexit On The Stock Prices Of Eu- And Uk-Based Insurance Companies -- Literature Review: Impact Of Brexit On Solvency Ii -- Conclusion And...

This paper studies an optimal reinsurance problem of Pareto-optimality when the contract is subject to default of the reinsurer. We assume that the reinsurer can invest a share of its wealth in a risky asset and default occurs when the reinsurer's end-of-period wealth is insufficient to cover...

Solvency regulation of the U.S. insurance industry occurs at the state level and is led by insurance commissioners who wield significant discretion. I construct a novel dataset of the employment history of these commissioners and find 38% of them work in the insurance industry after their term...

This paper examines dependency among the line of business in the non-life insurance industry towards arriving at solvency II margin capital requirements. The accurate dependence between lines of business is crucial for capital allocation. The factors attributed to variability in claim volumes by...

The aim of this paper is to provide a stochastic model useful for assessing the capital requirement for demographic risk in a framework coherent with the Solvency II Directive. The model extends to the market consistent context classical methodologies developed in a local accounting framework....

Historical evidence like the global financial crisis from 2007-09 highlights that sector concentration risk can play an important role for the solvency of insurers. However, current microprudential frameworks like the US RBC framework and Solvency II consider only name concentration risk...

In the view of the current discussion on how to regulate the emerging InsurTech companies, if at all, the author attempts to demonstrate that rather than automatically introducing new regulation, the principle of proportionality can, in most cases, help to adapt application of the existing rules...

Basel III, regulating the solvency of banks, is to be fully implemented by 2027 while Solvency III directed at insurers is being prepared. In view of past experience, it will be closely modelled after Basel III. This raises two questions. (i) Will Basel III and Solvency III be more successful...

Protection of creditors is a key objective of financial regulation. Where the protection needs are high, i.e., in banking and insurance, regulatory solvency requirements are an instrument to prevent that creditors incur losses on their claims. The current regulatory requirements based on Value...

Insurance companies operate in a turbulent, constantly changing environment. The insurance market plays an important role in the economy. On the one hand, it is characterized by the dynamic development of services based on new technologies and distribution channels, and on the other hand, it is...

The paper explores the use of accounting standards for insurer solvency assessment in the context of the implementation of IFRS 17. The paper is based on the results of a survey of 20 insurance supervisors. Overall, IFRS 17 is a welcome development but there will be challenges of implementation....