Geopolitische Krisen können über den Wirkungskanal des Finanzsystems gravierende Auswirkungen auf Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft jenseits der Krisenregion entfalten. Das Ausmaß der Schäden kann erheblich sein und seiner Dimension weit jenseits der politischen Ursache liegen. Die mittelbaren...

Between the late 1990s and mid-2000s, China's banking sector underwent a profound yet largely underappreciated transformation-arguably one of the most consequential episodes of financial restructuring in recent economic history. This paper analyzes the Chinese banking reform process through a...

The objective of this article is to present the results of an analysis of how the form of activities of EU banking groups affected their decisions to purchase non-euro area EU government bonds during the COVID-19 pandemic. The dataset consists of the portfolios of government bonds (including...

This paper investigates the effect of digital financial inclusion, creative innovations, and green finance on the stability of the national banking system in twenty-nine low-financially developed economies spanning the period 2011-2021. We demonstrate that digital financial inclusion promotion...

Between the late 1990s and mid-2000s, China's banking sector underwent a profound yet largely underappreciated transformation-arguably one of the most consequential episodes of financial restructuring in recent economic history. This paper analyzes the Chinese banking reform process through a...

This study provides a comparative analysis of European banking systems, focusing on how macroeconomic factors influence non-performing loans (NPLs) to evaluate bank credit risk from 2008 to 2022. Using the Cross-Sectional Autoregressive Distributed Lag (CS-ARDL) model, the research examines both...

This report by the Consultative Group on Innovation and the Digital Economy (CGIDE) discusses theoretical and real-world use cases of tokenisation, which include initiatives run by the Central Bank of Brazil and the Central Bank of Colombia, and private sector-led initiatives discussed within...

Climate risk is the negative effect of climate change on several aspects of the environment, business, and society. There are two categories of climate risks: physical risks include direct impacts due to extreme events and chronic changes due to climate modifications that have become commonplace;...

The Slovak Republic FSAP took place amidst an economic recovery and tighter financial conditions, despite the start of an accommodative cycle and signs of overvaluation in real estate markets. The financial system remains predominantly bank-centered, highly concentrated, with significant foreign...

India's financial system has withstood the pandemic well and has become more resilient since the 2017 FSAP. Nonbank financial institutions (NBFIs)-especially nonbank financial companies (NBFCs) providing credit with wholesale financing-and market financing have grown, making the financial system...

This paper focuses on the Republic of Azerbaijan's Financial Sector Assessment Program as part of Financial System Stability Assessment. Azerbaijan's economy has recovered from two downturns prompted by the collapse of global oil prices in 2015 and coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in 2020. An...

This inaugural Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) in Uzbekistan took place against the backdrop of a strong and resilient economy undergoing wide-ranging reforms. The main objectives of the authorities' strategy for developing the banking sector are to significantly increase the role of...

In Latin America, over 50% of the population has relied on loans from family members or friends, reflecting the importance of trust-based networks in response to financial exclusion. This study examines how distrust in the formal financial system influences the use of informal borrowing. Using...

Geopolitische Krisen können über den Wirkungskanal des Finanzsystems gravierende Auswirkungen auf Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft jenseits der Krisenregion entfalten. Das Ausmaß der Schäden kann erheblich sein und seiner Dimension weit jenseits der politischen Ursache liegen. Die mittelbaren...

This study investigates the nexus between corporate governance, internal audit quality, and the sustainability of banks within in a developing country context. This study adopts a quantitative explanatory research design to analyze a panel dataset comprising 15 Ghanaian banks over the period...

Economic stability in emerging market economies is increasingly shaped by the interplay between global financial integration, domestic monetary dynamics, and asset price fluctuations. Yet, early detection of financial market disruptions remains a persistent challenge. This study constructs a...

The uncertainty implied in the transition to a low carbon economy introduces new challenges to central banks to forecast potential output, the output gap and inflation. It also poses significant challenges in terms of financial stability, to the extent that banks' loan portfolios could be highly...

The study of financial technology applications in banking is highly relevant, as financial technologies serve as a primary driver of change in the banking sector, facilitating the development of new products, optimising operations, and expanding access to financial services. This article aimed...

This paper examines the potential impact a central bank digital currency (CBDC) on banks' balance sheets. We first analyze the possible implications of the introduction of a CBDC for the banking system and the economy as a whole. Our analysis indicates that the impact of a CBDC depends on a...

Quantum computers may in the future break today's widely used encryption. This paper provides a framework to support the financial system in the transition to quantum-safe cryptographic infrastructures. It emphasises the need to start the transition today – with broad awareness and...

In the last decades, during the unfolding of momentous events, we saw the growing awareness of the need for a transition to a sustainable economy. The radical economic and social change will require the mobilization of colossal resources, and hence the alignment of the financial system to this...

The study examines the joint effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) and financial inclusion on economic wealth in a digital system. By employing the dynamic system GMM for a dataset of 54 African economies over the period, 2004-2022, both the FDI and the dimensions of financial inclusion have...

This study contributes to income equality (IE) literature by examining four important issues. First, the study examines the effects of foreign bank presence (FBP) on IE. Second, the paper identifies the minimum threshold level of FBP which can lead to IE. Third, the effect of economic freedom on...

This study examines whether the type of financial structure in the GCC influences the relationship between liquidity risk and banks' performance from 2007 to 2021. By employing fixed effects and fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), we find that the impact of liquidity risk on bank...

This study reveals the hidden systemic risk spillover effects within Morocco's banking industry using marginal effects derived from Conditional Value at Risk, network theory, and systemic risk indicators. Our findings identify Banque Centrale Populaire and Attijariwafa Bank as key propagators of...

The study reviews key findings on the impact of banking growth and innovation on economic development, particularly focusing on Asian economies where the financial sector is less developed. Using secondary data, it expands the scope of analysis to more specific elements of development. While...

The 22nd post-programme surveillance mission to Spain took place, in virtual format, on 2 and 4 October 2024. The meetings involved staff from the European Commission, in liaison with European Central Bank staff. European Stability Mechanism staff participated on aspects related to its Early...

The 21st post-programme surveillance mission to Ireland took place from 18 to 20 September 2024. This mission involved European Commission staff in liaison with European Central Bank staff. European Stability Mechanism (ESM) staff participated on aspects relating to its Early Warning System.

The 20th post-programme surveillance mission to Portugal took place from 30 September to 1 October 2024. This mission involved European Commission staff in liaison with European Central Bank staff. European Stability Mechanism (ESM) staff participated on aspects relating to its Early Warning System.