Is income inequality in the United States primarily driven by disparities between ethnic groups or within them? The evidence reveals a striking pattern: 96% of U.S. income inequality arises from variation within groups sharing common ancestral origins, far overshadowing the comparatively small...

Digitalization plays a critical role in economic development and ensuring social equity. The advancement of digitalization is expected to expand economic opportunities for previously underserved populations, thereby narrowing income disparities. However, it may also exacerbate inequality due to...

The Pareto distribution has been widely used to model income distribution and inequality. The tail index and the Gini index are typically computed by iteration using Maximum Likelihood and are usually interpreted in terms of the Lorenz curve. We derive an alternative method by considering a...

Measures of inequality typically rely on price indices formulated for a representative consumer, falsely assuming an identical consumption basket across households within the country. However, consumption patterns differ across households; hence, the changes in price levels might have different...

This study examines the empirical link between financial development and income inequality, focusing on the influence of financial system characteristics. Specifically, it investigates the impact of bank market power and stock market orientation, a topic that has received little attention in...

We examine the effects of debt distribution characteristics, specifically skewness and maturity concentration, on sovereign yields across OECD countries over the period 1995Q1 to 2020Q4. After computing specific Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients, we find that positive skewness generally exerts...

This paper suggests a generalization of covariate shifts to study distributional impacts on inequality and distributional measures. It builds on the recentered influence function (RIF) regression method, originally designed for location shifts in covariates, and extends it to general policy...

This article investigates the political cost of poverty in democracies marked by deep social divisions. We develop a probabilistic voting model that incorporates clientelism as a strategic tool employed by elite political parties to secure electoral support from non-elite voters. Unlike models...

We specify the domain in the income distribution that includes the people to whom income transfers will not increase inequality in that income distribution. Inspired by Sen's (1973, 1997) characterization of the Gini coefficient as a ratio between a measure of aggregate income-based "depression"...

Inequality and social mobility in India are longstanding social issues. We document patterns of absolute inequality, relative inequality and social mobility for India as a whole as well as for Indian states grouped by level of development. The analysis uses easy to understand indexes constructed...

Following Sen's (1973) characterization of the Gini coefficient as a ratio between a measure of aggregate income-based stress ("depression" in Sen's terminology) and aggregate income, we transform the Gini coefficient into a social welfare function rather than having the Gini coefficient feature...

Following Sen's (1973) characterization of the Gini coefficient as a ratio between a measure of aggregate income-based stress ("depression" in Sen's terminology) and aggregate income, we transform the Gini coefficient into a social welfare function rather than having the Gini coefficient feature...

Is income inequality in the United States primarily driven by disparities between ethnic groups or within them? Contrary to conventional wisdom, this study uncovers a striking and transformative empirical regularity: an overwhelming 96% of contemporary inequality arises from disparities within...

This paper introduces a framework for estimating long-run series of measures of overall inequality and top wealth shares when data consist of a combination of historical tabulations and modern administrative registers of taxable wealth. The proposed framework is applicable when historical wealth...

The distribution and concentration of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) support and its impact on farm income have gained increasing attention in public debate and scientific literature. Previous studies highlighted the highly concentrated nature of direct payments, which represent the bulk of...

This study analyses the impact of mandatory Corporate Social Responsibility reporting on the Gini coefficient of Central European countries: a measure of income inequality in society (SDG-10), where CSR reporting is mandatory for a subset of listed firms. The ordered logit regression model...

This research studies the association between two digital divides and income inequality around the globe. By pooling data from 97 countries between 2008 and 2016, we run a nonlinear regression model with fixed effects to analyze the impact of digitalization on income disparity and test the...

This study investigates the impacts of fintech adoption, financial inclusion, and financial integration on income inequality in European countries. Utilising panel data from European nations and employing Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) regression models, we examine the relationships between...

This Policy Brief introduces the Gini Trade Index (GTI) as a new trade synthetic key performance indicator capable of capturing the different distribution of trade values across firm characteristics and across countries. The new indicator replicates the well-known features of the traditional...

Die Betrachtung der Gini-Koeffizienten sowohl vor als auch nach Umverteilung zeigt, dass die Verteilung der persönlichen Einkommen in den USA zwischen 1947 und 2020 ungleicher geworden ist. Dieser Beitrag untersucht die möglichen Konzepte, die den Zielvorgaben für die Einkommensverteilung...

Research background: Income inequalities between women and men often constitute an important area of research related to social inequalities. Differences in incomes between genders are frequently analyzed in the context of gender equality, social justice, and economic equity. Disparities in...

This paper presents estimates of income concentration and inequality for Norway using a new comprehensive measure of income, which identifies business income as it is earned by companies rather than when it is paid out as dividends to owners. We assemble several sources of high quality register...

Sen (1973 and 1997) presents the Gini coefficient of income inequality in a population as follows. "In any pair-wise comparison the man with the lower income can be thought to be suffering from some depression on finding his income to be lower. Let this depression be proportional to the...

The merger of populations expands the comparison space of incomes. As a result, measures of the income-based social stress and of the income inequality of the constituent populations need to be replaced by new measures. To this end, we develop a procedure for calculating the aggregate social...

This study explores the relationship between income inequality, economic growth, and unemployment in Greece from 2003 to 2020, encompassing key economic phases: pre-crisis, crisis, memoranda, and post-memoranda. The aim is to analyze how economic growth (logarithm of GDP-LOGGDP) and unemployment...