Der Hauptgrund für die chronisch niedrige Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen im Vergleich zu Männern ist die "Child Penalty". Das Phänomen beschreibt die beruflichen Nachteile, die Frauen nach der Geburt des ersten Kindes erfahren, während Männer keine Einbußen verzeichnen. Wie beeinflusst...

This working paper explores the role of collective bargaining in achieving a just transition, drawing on recent literature and a sample of 512 collective agreements. An in-depth study of six country case studies from various regions highlights key themes in just transition clauses, namely...

Gender equality is associated with economic growth and resilience, yet various factors, including climate change, may stall progress toward equal rights for men and women. This paper analyzes historical temperature and precipitation fluctuations within countries to assess their effect on legal...

Global development debate, which challenges the traditional North-South divide and focuses on the within-country or micro-level development perspective, argues that there is gender inequality in development within countries or at the micro level. It has brought a new dimension to the argument on...

This study investigates the impact of land formalization projects on women's tenure security in Pangani Ward, Coastal Region, Tanzania, while also considering the broader global implications for women's land rights. Despite progressive legislation that guarantees equal land rights for women,...

*Expansion of EDI bureaucracy has been fuelled by government regulation, not by market forces or rising prejudice *Growth of EDI undermines meritocracy, replacing fairness and talent with group quotas and targets *Previous estimates suggest direct public sector EDI costs of £557m a year, with...

Occupational segregation between men and women and between rural and urban areas is a persistent driver of labor market inequality in Europe. Women and rural workers are often overrepresented in lower-paid and lower-status occupations, reflecting structural barriers to occupational mobility....

Gender segregation in higher education persists across developed countries and is paradoxically stronger in wealthier, more gender-equal societies. Using data from over 500,000 children across 37 Western countries, we show that this segregation has roots in childhood. We document a strong...

Women remain under-represented in the EU fisheries sector, particularly as regards fishing and aquaculture activities. This in-depth analysis provides an overview of women's participation in the sector, exploring available statistics and the incorporation of the gender dimension in EU fisheries...

Attitudes toward the roles of women and men in society have become more egalitarian in Germany and most countries around the world since World War II. Recently, however, this process has slowed significantly, even reversing in some places. In most countries, the attitudes of the youngest ten age...

This article examines how inequalities in traditional labour markets shape experiences and outcomes on platform work. The research applies Acker's framework of inequality regimes, with a focus on gender, to a qualitative case study to analyse freelance platform work, specifically the provision...

Utilizing data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study, we employ panel methodologies and unconditional quantile regression (UQR) analysis to explore the prevalence and impact of the motherhood penalty within the context of the United Kingdom. Our panel findings underscore the persistence of a...

Objectives: The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of public childcare provision on women's and men's start-up rates in Germany. Going beyond previous studies, we also analyze its impact on the extent of the gender gap in start-up rates. Literature review: The current state of research...

The Constitution of Ukraine defines Ukraine as a unitary democratic state with a division of powers into legislative, executive and judicial. The Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) is the sole legislative body and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine represents the executive branch. The President of...

The Republic of Moldova (hereinafter 'Moldova' or 'the Republic of Moldova') has a civil law system. The Constitution1 is the supreme law in the country, at the top of the legislative hierarchy. All laws (organic and ordinary), subordinate normative acts, and judicial decisions must align with...

The Republic of Serbia is a constitutional, multi-party parliamentary democracy. Although its constitutional development reflects a complex federal past - as a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, later as a part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and...

The Women's Economic Empowerment in Bangladesh: An Evidence-Guided Toolkit for More Inclusive Policies report provides an examination of gender disparities in economic empowerment in Bangladesh. It aims to shed light on the current state of gender inequality by analyzing rich microdata from...

Ninety percent of economic inclusion programs target women, yet only a third prioritize women's economic empowerment (WEE) as a core objective. Unless programs are designed to address gender-specific barriers, they risk reinforcing rather than reducing gender inequalities. Economic inclusion...

New data from the World Bank’s Women, Business and the Law project shed light on the gender dimensions of taxation and public spending—two key fiscal policy tools that impact economic growth and poverty reduction. This working paper presents new cross-country evidence and descriptive...

We study whether gender norms - proxied by Switzerland's 1981 referendum on constitutional gender equality - continue to shape women's entrepreneurship today, despite major demographic change. Using startup data for all Swiss municipalities from 2016 to 2023, we find that places with stronger...

Gender equality plays a pivotal role in fostering human prosperity, shaping labor markets, fertility decisions, and the sustainability of social institutions. This study investigates how the prevailing gender norms in a country influence the fertility rate and long-term economic growth. To this...