This paper reviews the main types of credit enhancement approaches used to support climate debt issuances by EMDE borrowers. Fragmentation on the part of the providers of credit enhancements was identified as a major factor impeding scalability of credit-enhanced debt. The acceptance of...

Aggregate consumption typically exceeds 60 per cent of GDP and should be pivotal in central bank policy models. Most use semi-structural macro-models, yet consumption is usually inadequately specified. We use a systems approach to estimate new equations for South African consumption, house...

This paper studies how credit guarantee and employment protection programs interact in assisting firms during crises times. The paper analyzes how these government programs influence credit allocation, indebtedness, and risk at both the micro and macro levels. The programs provide different...

I provide the first systematic analysis of collateral choices in one of the main short-term funding markets, the repurchase agreement (repo) market. In repos, long-term bonds serve as collateral connecting short-term and long-term funding markets. In general collateral repos, banks can choose...

The ECB can fulfil its mandate better and contribute to a stronger Europe by adopting sensible rules instead of relying on discretionary decision-making. A simple rule for the policy rate can promote systematic monetary policy and protect against significant policy errors. Ending the reliance on...

We construct a model of bubbles where an asset can be used as collateral primarily due to higher-order uncertainty: while both a lender and a borrower know that the intrinsic value of the asset is low, they may still believe that a “greater fool” exists who will purchase it at a much higher...

This paper is the first comprehensive analysis of the secured lending practices of Chinese creditors in emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs). We present a new dataset and detailed case studies of collateralized public and publicly guaranteed (PPG) loans from Chinese state-owned...

This study investigates whether Saitdol loans, a type of governmentguaranteed loan, were allocated to groups that would otherwise be unable to access the loan market without such a guarantee. To assess this, both non-parametric and parametric estimation methods, as proposed by Hendren (2013),...

The Eurosystem's Advisory Group on Market Infrastructures for Securities and Collateral (AMI-SeCo) has set the goal of harmonising the processing of corporate actions (CA), based on the ISO 20022 standard. In December 2017 the AMI-SeCo identified a series of harmonisation needs, which served as...

Central bank collateral frameworks and the liquidity transformation they allow for play important roles for financing long term economic projects (and thereby economic growth) while preserving financial stability. To shed light on early central bank collateral frameworks, this note analyses a...

As of 7 October 2024, the EU offers its Primary Dealers the possibility to source specific EU-Bonds on a temporary basis through its EU Repurchase Agreement (Repo) Facility. The facility will support EU Primary Dealers in posting firm and public quotes on EU-Bonds so that investors can be...

We study the importance of information technology (IT) in banking for entrepreneurship. Guided by a parsimonious model, we establish that job creation by young firms is stronger in US counties more exposed to banks with greater IT adoption. We present evidence consistent with banks' IT adoption...

We study the effect of collateral eligibility of corporate loans on the pricing of these loans by banks in Finland. Speciftcally, we investigate whether loans that are pledgeable as collateral for central bank borrowing have lower liquidity premia and thus lower interest rates. For...

Eligible counterparties may only obtain credit from the central bank of the country in which they are based - their home central bank (HCB) - by mobilising eligible marketable and non-marketable assets as collateral. The process by which these assets are mobilised (transferred) to their HCB, and...

We construct the first measure of collateral re-use at the bank and bond level for the European repo market using a regulatory transaction dataset. We show that banks materially increase the rate of re-use in response to tightened asset scarcity induced by the Eurosystem's asset purchase...