A Modified Information Criterion for Cointegration Tests based on a VAR Approximation

We consider Johansen’s (1988, 1991) cointegration tests when a Vector AutoRegressive (VAR) process of order k is used to approximate a more general linear process with an infinite VAR representation. In this case, and in particular when a moving average component is present, traditional methods to select the lag order, such as Akaike’s (AIC) or the Bayesian information criteria, lead to too parsimonious a model, with the implication that the cointegration tests suffer from substantial size distortions in finite samples. We extend the analysis of Ng and Perron (2001) to derive a Modified Akaike’s Information Criterion (MAIC) in this multivariate setting. The idea is to use the information specified by the null hypothesis as it relates to restrictions on the parameters of the model to keep an extra term in the penalty function of the AIC. This MAIC takes a very simple form for which this extra term is simply the likelihood ratio test for testing the null hypothesis of r against more than r cointegrating vectors. We provide theoretical analyses of its validity and of the fact that cointegration tests constructed from a VAR whose lag order is selected using the MAIC have the same limit distribution as when the order is finite and known. We also provide theoretical and simulation analyses to show how the MAIC leads to VAR approximations that yield tests with drastically improved size properties with little loss of power.