A multilevel analysis of innovation in developing countries<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN19">*</xref>

Innovation is a multilevel phenomenon. Not only attributes of firms but also the framework conditions within which firms operate matter. Although this has been recognized in the literature for a long time, a quantitative test that explicitly considers this hypothesis has been lacking. Using a large sample of firms from many developing countries, we estimate a multilevel model of innovation which connects micro and macro levels of analysis in an integrated framework. National economic, technological and institutional framework conditions are shown to directly predict the likelihood of firms to innovate. Nevertheless, the results also draw attention to the limits of the existing models, methods and data. Copyright 2011 The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Associazione ICC. All rights reserved., Oxford University Press.