Backward and forward closed solutions of multivariate ARMA models.

Some of the most widely used models in economics are based on variables not yet observed, and their specification depends on future observations; the theory that underpins these delivers the backward/ forward solution. We present a newly unified construction, starting with a more general specification of an ARMA model, yet is capable of delivering in closed form, in both the backward and forward cases, leading to an alternative presentation of causal/non-causal and invertible/non-invertible cases.