Changes in the innovation system in economies in transition: Basic patterns, sectoral and national particularities

Using a ‘three-phase model’ of transformation, this paper analyses and compares the initial situations of the science and technology (S&T) systems of 17 Central and East European countries and the changes they then underwent during the 1990s. Three groups emerged when the differences between the countries were examined with regard to the advances they have made in their transformation and their prospects for the future development of S&T. In all groups a shift can be observed in innovation activities from R&D to technology transfer within the enterprises and macrostructure. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.