Comprehensive Toxicological Effects Induced by Glyphosate in Common Carp : Evidence from in Vivo and in Vitro Research (Cyprinus Carpio L.)

Glyphosate (GLY) is the most widely used organophosphorus herbicide in agriculture. The present study aimed to analyze the comprehensive toxicological effects of GLY of juvenile common carp and an epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cell line. In the in vivo experiments, exposure to GLY (5 and 15 mg/L) for 30 days induced liver inflammation and oxidative damage in common carp and changed the physical barrier of the intestine. Histopathological analysis of the intestine-liver-brain and changes in oxidative stress biomarkers provided evidence of damage and immune system responses to GLY. Moreover, an inhibitory effect of 15 mg/L GLY on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was found in the brain, which may be an important reason for the significant decrease in both swimming distance and average acceleration of common carp. Cell experiments showed that 0.65 and 3.25 mg/L GLY inhibited the activity of EPCs. Furthermore, oxidative DNA damage, dysfunction of mitochondrial, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were observed in EPC cells following GLY exposure. Taken together, this study not only highlights the negative effects of GLY on carp but also enriches the knowledge of the cytotoxicity mechanism to further clarify the comprehensive toxicity of GLY in common carp