Corporate environmental performance : The need for application of multiple perspectives and theories to assess strategic and operational CEP

Purpose – The concept of corporate environmental performance (CEP) is both used in and discussed with respect to international and regional standards, scientific work and business. Yet, there is no concensus on the meaning of the concept itself and on what elements or components it comprises. Moreover, although there is a discussion on interactions between the different levels of CEP, there is a lack of detailed and rigorous analysis. This paper merges the various insights on CEP and its underlying dimensions and addresses existing interactions between strategic and operational CEP. The interactions can be explained by two organizational theories prevailing in empirical studies namely institutional theory (IT) and the natural resource-based view (NRBV). The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the two theories to explain the different interactions. Design/methodology/approach – First, recent papers that summarized research on the concept of CEP and its existing dimensions are reviewed yielding strategic and operational dimensions of CEP. Second, IT and the NRBV are analyzed in terms of how they are applied to CEP. The results are presented in a matrix which shows the interplay of CEP within its external pressures and strategic capabilities. Third, 37 empirical studies were analyzed by applying the method of an integrative research review. The review synthesized the theoretical approaches of the studies in their specific context, summarized their findings and categorized them into the theoretical arguments on which they are based. Findings – Most studies are conducted on the pollution prevention level with different forms of institutional mechanisms. The studies are diversified and most positive results are found on that level. The studies analyzed differ widely in their methodological approaches, the measures applied and the theory on which they are based on, which may explain why the results were very heterogeneous. Practical implications – The authors results should help environmental researchers understand how both dimensions are connected to each other and reveal that a combination of theories is essential when empirically investigating interactions within the construct of CEP. Moreover, the authors show that empirical research on CEP is imbalanced as too much studies concentrate on simple compliance measures for CEP. The authors contribute to the literature by summarizing important empirical work on CEP, classifying them into the matrix of IT and NRBV and showing neglected dimensions of CEP, namely higher strategic integration of environmental aspects into CEP measurements. Originality/value – The present paper should be of particular interest to researchers investigating CEP both in theory and in terms of practical empirical analysis, as the authors show that both external and internal factors must be considered simultaneously in any evaluation. This may lead to far greater efforts in gathering information and data for future empirical research, but it is essential to do so, in order to obtain sufficient and reliable results that account adequately for the complex nature of CEP. Researchers should especially consider the matrix of IT and NRBV before commencing an empirical investigation, by locating their study in one of the fields of the matrix. This can support the choice of appropriate measurement indicators for the specific context and help focus on important external and internal items.