Customs control detection technologies : state-of-the-art, emerging customs control equipment and its testing : abstract and executive summary of the final report

The 2020 action plan "Taking the Customs Union to the Next Level" recognises the importance of robust customs control systems. In the Multiannual Financial Framework 2021-2027, the European Commission has thus introduced the Integrated Border Management Fund - of which the Customs Control Equipment Instrument (CCEI) is part of to support Member States in acquiring the latest advancements in customs control technology. This study examines the state-of-the-art and emerging technologies in customs control. Data were gathered through public documents, interviews, surveys, and an online workshop involving public administrations, manufacturers, and research organisations. The study outlines the contemporary and emerging technologies in customs control, emphasising the importance of technical specifications, software, interoperability, and regulatory adherence. The absence of standardisation in testing, maintenance services, and sustainability measures is highlighted, and the potential vulnerabilities in cybersecurity are addressed. Additionally, technologies like X-ray diffraction, neutron-induced gamma-ray spectroscopy, and electronic nose (e-nose) technology are explored for their practicality and effectiveness in customs operations. The study provides some final recommendations such as the development of standardised testing protocols for custom control detection technologies and customs dedicated cybersecurity standards, support data sharing on safety and of training data to enable the development of artificial intelligence capabilities, and finally, favour the incorporation of sustainability requirements in Customs procurement procedures.