Does S. Kuznets's Belief Question the Environmental Kuznets Curves?

This paper examines the link between pollution and income. The main purpose is to assess whether the introduction of income inequality in a Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) analysis can give new insights into the relationship between pollution and economic growth. The EKC hypothesis proposes that there is an inverted U-shape relation between environmental degradation and income per capita. We question this common result, in a simple model where the income inequality evolution is exogenous and where the planner could use only one instrument. For a set of parameter values we find, for example, a two-hump curve