Dynamic open innovation to determine technology-based interoperability requirement for electric motorcycle swappable battery

Electric motorcycle swappable batteries (EMSB) require interoperability standards so that swappable batteries (SB) can be exchanged and operated between brands to minimize investment costs. The stages in standards development have similar characteristics to the open innovation process, namely the involvement of external interested parties: manufacturers, regulators, customers, suppliers, experts, and researchers. For that, in the standards development process, all stakeholders must collaborate to leverage knowledge, expertise, resources, and innovative ideas. This article, therefore, aims to determine the essential parameters that need to be established in interoperability requirements and develop an economic model to estimate the financial impact. The model framework in this research integrated the Framework for Analysis, Comparison, and Testing of Standards (FACTS) and The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Methodology using the dynamic open innovation approach. The sample was 20 respondents representing stakeholders. This research used a semi-open questionnaire developed from the E-Mobility Systems Architecture (EMSA) model on three-layer interoperability (components, communications, and information) and economics benefit standard methodology. This research recommends SB dimensions, SB voltage, connector types, safety, and component compatibility requirements (BMS, sensors, controllers) to be regulated at the component layer. Meanwhile, further consensus is still needed at the communication and information layer. The economic model developed has been successfully applied using hypothetical data.