Energy Utilization and Economic Growth in France: Evidence from Asymmetric Causality Test

This paper contributes to literature by investigating the relationship between energy utilization and output per capita in France using asymmetric causality test over the period 1960-2011. Our approach is based on bootstrap simulation method combined with leveraged corrections that provide accurate critical values. We show that energy utilization explains output per capita over the long-run, but that the relationship between the two variables is rather asymmetric.