Enhancing waste management in Batang Regency : integrating circular economy principles with life cycle assessment and material flow analysis

Batang Regency encountered persistent waste management challenges, requiring effective mitigation strategies. This study evaluated residential waste management utilizing life cycle assessment (LCA) and material flow analysis (MFA) to propose sustainable plans. Three scenarios were compared: the current conditions (Scenario 1) had the highest environmental impact. In contrast, Scenarios 2 and 3, which included sorting and recycling processes, demonstrated improved energy and product recovery, making them more sustainable. The results indicated that Scenario 1 had a global warming potential (GWP) of up to 1.65E+04 CO2 eq/t MSW, Scenario 2 had up to 2.88E+03 CO2 eq/t MSW, and Scenario 3 had up to 3.08E+03 03 CO2 eq/t MSW. Scenario 2 exhibited a lower GWP than Scenario 1, while Scenario 3, although higher in GWP, was recommended for excluding landfills. These findings highlighted the potential for waste sorting improvements and adjustments to classified waste treatment with environmental regulations, supporting sustainability in Batang Regency's waste management.