Forex Exchange Rate Forecasting Using Deep Recurrent Neural Networks

Deep learning has substantially advanced the state-of-the-art in computer vision, natural language processing and other elds. The paper examines the potential of contemporary recurrent deep learning architectures for nancial time series forecasting. Considering the foreign exchange market as testbed, we systematically compare long short-term memory networks and gated recurrent units to traditional recurrent architectures as well as feedforward networks in terms of their directional forecasting accuracy and the profitability of trading model predictions. Empirical results indicate the suitability of deep networks for exchange rate forecasting in general but also evidence the diculty of implementing and tuning corresponding architectures. Especially with regard to trading pro t, a simpler neural network may perform as well as if not better than a more complex deep neural network.