Information and Knowledge Systems

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- 1: Information Systems and Digital Technology -- 1.1. The concept of information systems -- 1.2. History of the concept of information systems -- 1.2.1. The centralized processing stage (1950s-1960s) -- 1.2.2. The data decentralization stage (1970s-1990s) -- 1.2.3. The interoperability and standardization stage (1990s) -- 1.2.4. The universality and globalization stage (2000 onward) -- 1.3. What is "digital" technology? -- 1.4. Information systems and digital technology for business -- 1.5. Key points