Locked between buyer-driven global value chains and state control : an analysis of the stagnation of economic and social upgrading in the garment and electronics industries in Vietnam

After the economic success of East Asian economies such as Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Taiwan, many countries in the region copied the economic formula of developing export-oriented manufacturing industries, attracting foreign direct investment (FDI), integrating into and moving up global value chains (GVCs) with strong technological progress. Unfortunately, none of these "following" countries in Asia have achieved the level of economic success of the original four East Asian "tigers".