Macro Level Matters : Advancing Circular Economy in Different Business Systems

Much of extant research on the circular economy has explored intra- and inter-firm dynamics, activities, and influences, whilst macro level factors – systemic features of the national economy – have been somewhat neglected. In this conceptual article, we use the lens of national business systems (NBS) theory to explore how different components and configurations of such systems support the adoption of the circular economy. We use the examples of France, Germany and the United Kingdom (UK) to illustrate our argumentation. Our analysis suggests that the development and implementation of circular economy measures necessitate an encompassing consideration of the NBS they are embedded in. By foregrounding macro level phenomena, we pave the way for a more comprehensive understanding of circular systems and offer a sound foundation for more effective policymaking