Multilevel Modelling with Spatial Effects

In multilevel modelling, interest in modeling the nested structure of hierarchical data has been accompanied by increasing attention to di¤erent forms of spatial interactions across different levels of the hierarchy. Neglecting such interactions is likely to create problems of inference, which typically assumes independence. In this paper we review approaches to multilevel modelling with spatial e¤ects, and attempt to connect the two literatures, discussing the advantages and limitations of various approaches.