Multiple Indicator Models

Expressions are given for the calculation of the estimates and the standard errors of the estimates of the unconstrained means of the constructs in multiple indicator models. If the “reference†indicators—that is, the indicators whose loadings are fixed to 1., thereby identifying the variance of the construct and establishing its scale or units of measure—are exclusive—that is, load only on the construct for which it is a “referenceâ€â€”then the construct means are simply the means of the reference indicators.