Natural Resource Management in Mongolia : Designing an Equitable and Sustainable Framework

Economies heavily dependent on mineral resource extraction, need to evaluate the merits of investing the rents earned from such extraction in other income generating activities to sustain the flow of income and consumption. In this regard, it is important to estimate and assess the potential uses of the resource rent tax (RRT). This paper illustrates how the reinvestment of the RRT and other government revenue from mining can reduce the depreciation of the mine. This illustration is made with reference to a coal deposit in the Tavan-Tolgoi region of Mongolia. The paper also illustrates impact of mining on the macroeconomic performance of Mongolia. Standard macroeconomic frameworks that ignore the depreciation of mineral assets overstate economic performance. The paper also reviews the political issues and constraints that surround the implementation of the RRT. One option canvassed here is the granting of qualified custodial rights of the RRT to the mining firm. Such qualified rights are pertinent given that the RRT is legally the income owed to the State and investments in ventures such as human capital development can yield returns as high as ten per cent per annum. This study illustrates that even an investment option yielding an annual three per cent return can make a significant difference