Policy instruments for environmental and natural resource management

The Need for Environmental and Natural Resource Policy -- Classical Causes of Environmental Degradation -- Public Economics and Information -- Adapting Models to Ecosystems: Ecology, Time, and Space -- The Evolution of Rights -- Review of Policy Instruments -- Direct Regulation of the Environment -- Tradable Permits -- Taxes -- Subsidies, Deposit-Refund Schemes, and Refunded Emissions Payments -- Property Rights, Legal Instruments, and Informational Policies -- National Policy and Planning -- Selection of Policy Instruments -- Efficiency of Policy Instruments -- Role of Uncertainty and Information Asymmetry -- Equilibrium Effects and Market Conditions -- Distribution of Costs -- Politics and Psychology of Policy Instruments -- International Aspects -- Design of Policy Instruments -- Policy Instruments for Road Transportation -- Environmental Damage Caused by Transportation -- Environmental Road Pricing -- Taxation or Regulation for Fuel Efficiency -- Fuel Quality, Vehicle Standards, and Urban Planning -- Lessons Learned: Transportation -- Policy Instruments for Industrial Pollution -- Experience in Developed Countries -- Experience in Developing Countries -- Policy Instruments for the Management of Natural Resources and Ecosystems -- Water -- Waste -- Fisheries -- Agriculture -- Forestry -- Ecosystems -- Policy Issues and Potential Solutions