Reclaimed wastewater: Effects on citrus nutrition
The effects of irrigation with reclaimed wastewater (RWW) were compared with well water (WW) on citrus (Citrus paradisi Macfad. X Citrus aurantium L.) nutrition. The deviation from the optimum percentage (DOP) index of macro- and micro-nutrients were used to evaluate the nutritional status: optimal (DOP = 0), deficiency (DOP < 0) or excess (DOP > 0). After 11 years of RWW irrigation the influence on nutrient concentration in plants decreased in the order: B > Zn > Mn = Ca > Cu > Mg > P > K. Reclaimed wastewater irritation positively affected citrus nutrition as it rendered the concentration of macro-nutrients, i.e. P, Ca, and K. closer to their optimum levels ([Sigma]DOPmacro = 7). However micro-nutrients tended to be excessive in plants ([Sigma]DOPmicro = 753) due to imbalanced supply of these elements in the RWW, particularly, for B and Cu. Citrus groves with long-term RWW irrigation may exercised caution in monitoring concentrations of B and Cu to avoid plant toxicity and soil quality degradation.
Year of publication: |
2011
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Authors: | Pereira, B.F.F. ; He, Z.L. ; Stoffella, P.J. ; Melfi, A.J. |
Published in: |
Agricultural Water Management. - Elsevier, ISSN 0378-3774. - Vol. 98.2011, 12, p. 1828-1833
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Publisher: |
Elsevier |
Keywords: | Citrus paradisi Macro-nutrients Micro-nutrients Plant nutrition Wastewater irrigation Water reuse |
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