Skill mismatch, nepotism, job satisfaction, and young females in the MENA region

Skills utilization is an important factor affecting labor productivity and job satisfaction. This paper examines the effects of skills mismatch, nepotism, and gender discrimination on wages and job satisfaction in MENA workplaces. Gender discrimination implies social costs for firms due to higher turnover rates and lower retention levels. Young females suffer disproportionality from this than their male counterparts, resulting in a wider gender gap in the labor market at multiple levels. Therefore, we find that the skill mismatch problem appears to be more significant among specific demographic groups, such as females, immigrants, and ethnic minorities; it is also negatively correlated with job satisfaction and wages. We bridge the literature gap on youth skill mismatch's main determinants, including nepotism, by showing evidence from some developing countries. Given the implied social costs associated with these practices and their impact on the labor market, we have compiled a list of policy recommendations that the government and relevant stakeholders should take to reduce these problems in the workplace. Therefore, we provide a guide to address MENA's skill mismatch and improve overall job satisfaction.