Strategies and Structures of European Enterprise

Alfred Chandler pointed out how us large corporation adapted to expansion of mass consumption by changing from ?functional organisation? (U. Form) to ?operational organisation? (M. Form). This model was systematically introduced in the Western Europe after W.W.II. This adoption of an American model was not total because of a smaller concern for marketing (in Germany), or because of a persistent holding organisation (uk, France, Italy). Through the 1970?s-1980?s the model of big multidivisional and managerial corporation was criticized but kept progressing, as pointed it the recent experience of privatisations, adapted to national specificities, because of persistent concentration of shareholding (uk, Italy), resistant individual capitalism (Germany), or heavy weight of state (France).