TAIL AND NONTAIL MEMORY WITH APPLICATIONS TO EXTREME VALUE AND ROBUST STATISTICS
New notions of tail and nontail dependence are used to characterize separately extremal and nonextremal information, including tail log-exceedances and events, and tail-trimmed levels. We prove that near epoch dependence (McLeish, 1975; Gallant and White, 1988) and <italic>L</italic><sub>0</sub>-approximability (Pötscher and Prucha, 1991) are equivalent for tail events and tail-trimmed levels, ensuring a Gaussian central limit theory for important extreme value and robust statistics under general conditions. We apply the theory to characterize the extremal and nonextremal memory properties of possibly very heavy-tailed GARCH processes and distributed lags. This in turn is used to verify Gaussian limits for tail index, tail dependence, and tail-trimmed sums of these data, allowing for Gaussian asymptotics for a new tail-trimmed least squares estimator for heavy-tailed processes.
