Tail risk modelling of cryptocurrencies, gold, non-fungible token, and stocks

We present tail risk analysis of cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin, Ethereum and Litecoin), non-fungible tokens, stocks (FTSE 100 and S&P 500) and Gold from November 12, 2017 to March 31, 2022 using conditional model-based Value-at-Risk (VaR). We explored which model specification and distributional innovation could best capture the tail risk in these assets. Using the VaR and other risk metrics, we showed that there is no superior model/metric for capturing tail risk. We found that, for all the assets, non-Gaussian distributional assumptions best modelled the asymmetry and fat-tails in the distributions of the returns; though there was more homogeneity in the distributional assumptions for Gold unlike the other assets. Our research is crucial for internal risk modelling and may increase global investor confidence for those who blend conventional and unconventional assets. Also, this study can help investors make informed decisions about asset allocation and risk tolerance in the events of extreme market conditions. Understanding the tail risks in financial assets can help investors hedge and diversify against risk in their portfolios. The theoretical implications also show a trade-off between the different assets as the presence of tail risk reflect the potential of returns, yet possible losses in the presence of extreme events. Last, the findings reinforce the need for risk managers to re-focus their attention to a set of superior models rather than a single best model for risk assessment.