Technical suggestions for the rules for calculation and verification of rates for recycling efficiency and recovery of materials of waste batteries

In this report, the JRC provides technical suggestions for calculation and verification rules for the targets set in Article 71 of the (EU) 2023/1542 on recycling efficiency and recovery of materials from PbA, Li-based, NiCd and other waste batteries. The analysis starts with a review of the previous calculation rules in the (EU) 493/2012 and with a wider literature study. In the meantime, a model is developed using literature data (patents, review and research articles) and data and evidence from companies as available. Inputs and feedbacks from stakeholders (through bilateral meetings, workshops, visits to plants for analysis of industrial practices) is also a key component of the JRC methodology. JRC has developed suggestion of calculation and verification rules so that they are, as much as possible: homogenous among Member States and per waste battery type; in continuity with previous rules; future-proof and agnostic per waste battery chemistry and per treatment technology. JRC suggestions for the rules and their rationale are given in Section 3. When necessary, particular care is given in justifying the exceptions to the characteristics of homogeneity, in continuity, futureproof, agnosticism (e.g. with specific suggestions on slag or black mass) or clarifying some crucial decisions (e. g., on oxygen and carbon in the calculations). Conclusions of the report summarise the key JRC suggestions for the calculation and verification rules and recommendations for further work. This report should hence be considered as a good tool in support of the preparation of the delegated acts of the Article 71 of the (EU) 2023/1542.